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Pain-coping strategies in chronic pain patients: Psychometric characteristics of the pain-coping inventory (PCI)
Abstract
This article presents a series of studies aimed at validating a comprehensive pain-coping inventory (PCI) that is applicable to various types of patients with chronic pain. Item and scale analyses were performed for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with chronic headache, and pain clinic outpatients. The following 6 scales were derived from a simultaneous component analysis: Pain Transformation, Distraction, Reducing Demands, Retreating, Worrying, and Resting, all of which were internally reliable. A higher order factor analysis grouped the PCI scales into active (transformation, distraction, reducing demands) and passive (retreating, worrying, resting) pain-coping dimensions. Differences in use of strategy found between RA patients and headache patients indicated that the PCI scales were sufficiently sensitive to measure differences between groups. Concurrent validity was assessed for patients with RA and patients with fibromyalgia and predictive validity was assessed for patients with recently diagnosed RA after 1 and 3 years. In both analyses the validity of the scales was supported, in particular the predictive validity of passive coping scales for future outcomes.
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“compared to men, women have endorsed more frequent use of catastrophizing, behavioral activities, positive self-statements, social and emotional support, and problem-focused coping 148, 201–204.”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [204]
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“coping involves relinquishing control of pain to others (Obrist and Light, 1988; Snow-Turek et al., 1996; Kraaimaat and Evers, 2003).”
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“Pain coping was assessed by the Pain Coping Inventory (PCI; Kraaimaat, Bakker, & Evers, 1997; Kraaimaat & Evers, 2003), measuring active and passive coping strategies when dealing with pain.”
MethodSelf-citationEekhout, I., de Vet, H. C. W., Twisk, J. W. R., Brand, J. P. L., de Boer, M. R., & Heymans, M. W. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.09.009 · Cited by 302
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraaimaat, F. W., & Evers, A. W. M.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kraaimaat, Floris W.
- ORCID
- Evers, Andrea W. M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 343-363
- ISSN
- 1070-5503 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7558
- OpenAlex
- W1969226151
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- pain coping, chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic headache, fibromyalgia, psychometric validation, distraction, worry, rest, concurrent validity, predictive validity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Chronic Disease, Fibromyalgia, Headache, Humans, Middle Aged, Pain, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Principal Component Analysis
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