The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Interfaces That Heal: Coupling Real and Virtual Objects to Treat Spider Phobia
Abstract
Tactile augmentation is a simple, safe, inexpensive interaction technique for adding physical texture and force feedback cues to virtual objects. This study explored whether virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy reduces fear of spiders and whether giving patients the illusion of physically touching the virtual spider increases treatment effectiveness. Eight clinically phobic students were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups-(a) no treatment, (b) VR with no tactile cues, or (c) VR with a physically "touchable" virtual spider-as were 28 nonclinically phobic students. Participants in the 2 VR treatment groups received three 1-hr exposure therapy sessions resulting in clinically significant drops in behavioral avoidance and subjective fear ratings. The tactile augmentation group showed the greatest progress on behavioral measures. On average, participants in this group, who only approached to 5.5 ft of a live spider on the pretreatment Behavioral Avoidance Test (Garcia-Palacios, 2002), were able to approach to 6 in. of the spider after VR exposure treatment and did so with much less anxiety (see www.vrpain.com for details). Practical implications are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Similarly, data from the present study also coincide with findings from studies where VR was used to treat SP (animal subtype), such as those by [31, 33–35,75,76]; where VR was effective in reducing the fear and avoidance experienced by the participants.”
From In Vivo versus augmented reality exposure in the treatment of small animal phobia: A randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Although early research suggested that tactile augmentation of VRET increases the sense of presence, perceived realism, and led to better treatment outcomes [49], subsequent research has failed to replicate these findings [50], leaving an open question to be examined in future research.”
From Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474698565686 · Cited by 6,371
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
A Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays
Milgram, P., & Kishino, F. (1994) · IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems · Cited by 4,905
HUSKISSON, E. C. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90884-8 · Cited by 4,533
The practice of behavior therapy
Wolpe, J. (1969) · Cited by 2,343
Rheingold, H. (1991) · Cited by 1,804
Depth of Presence in Virtual Environments
Slater, M., Usoh, M., & Steed, A. (1994) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1994.3.2.130 · Cited by 1,342
Jacobson, N. S., Follette, W. C., & Revenstorf, D. (1984) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(84)80002-7 · Cited by 1,294 · cited 3×
“After VR treatment, the fear of spiders scores were similar to the mean score of the general populations sample, suggesting a clinically significant improvement (see Jacobson et al., 1984 ).”
MethodResultInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- 10.1037//0278-7393.17.4.693 · DOI
- 10.1037//0033-2909.99.1.20 · DOI · Paper page
- Gift A. G., 1989, Nursing Research, 38, 286
- Hoffman H. G., 1998, Development and Application, 3, 226
- 10.1037//0022-006X.67.4.599 · DOI
- 10.1037//0022-006X.70.2.428 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
From presence to consciousness through virtual reality.
Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1651 · Cited by 1,831
Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007 · Cited by 994
(2002) · Cited by 770
Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis
Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Horowitz, J. D., Powers, M. B., & Telch, M. J. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.007 · Cited by 530
Newman, M. G., Szkodny, L. E., Llera, S. J., & Przeworski, A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.008 · Cited by 480
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoffman, H. G., Garcia-Palacios, A., Carlin, A., Furness III, T. A., & Botella-Arbona, C.
- ORCID
- Hoffman, Hunter G.
- Venue
- International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 283-300
- ISSN
- 1044-7318 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7590
- OpenAlex
- W2155384729
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 10.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- spider phobia, virtual reality exposure therapy, haptic feedback, virtual objects, behavioral avoidance, phobia treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
