The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self‐Explanations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning to Solve Problems
Open accessAbstract
The present paper analyzes the self‐generated explanations (from talk‐aloud protocols) that “Good” and “Poor” students produce while studying worked‐out examples of mechanics problems, and their subsequent reliance on examples during problem solving. We find that “Good” students learn with understanding: They generate many explanations which refine and expand the conditions for the action parts of the example solutions, and relate these actions to principles in the text. These self‐explanations are guided by accurate monitoring of their own understanding and misunderstanding. Such learning results in example‐independent knowledge and in a better understanding of the principles presented in the text. “Poor” students do not generate sufficient self‐explanations, monitor their learning inaccurately, and subsequently rely heavily on examples. We then discuss the role of self‐explanations in facilitating problem solving, as well as the adequacy of current AI models of explanation‐based learning to account for these psychological findings.
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“This mechanism resembles prompted self-explanation, an instructional technique that encourages learners to articulate their reasoning and has been shown to support monitoring of understanding, identification of knowledge gaps, and integration of new information with prior knowledge (Bisra et al., 2018;Chi et al., 1989).”
From Think Before You Accept: Can Written Justification Reduce Uncritical Uptake of AI Writing Suggestions? (2026) · cites this paper as Chi et al., 1989
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In the citing paper
“The self-explanation effect was demonstrated independently of cognitive load theory (Chi et al. 1989) but can be explained by the theory.”
From Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later (2019) · cites this paper as Chi et al. 1989
In the citing paper
“Moreover, researchers have advocated active learning because it enables learners to connect new information with the knowledge they already possess (Chi et al. 1989;Mayer 2001;Wittrock 1974).”
From Interactivity in Video-based Models (2007) · cites this paper as Chi et al. 1989
In the citing paper
“Asking learners to explain to themselves aloud what they have understood from a learning task has proved to be an effective instructional method (Chi et al. 1989;Renkl 1997;Renkl and Atkinson 2002).”
From Interactivity in Video-based Models (2007) · cites this paper as Chi et al. 1989
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Cites
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- 10.1007/BF00116250 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design
Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1022193728205 · Cited by 6,023
Problem-Based Learning: What and How Do Students Learn?
Hmelo‐Silver, C. E. (2004) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/b:edpr.0000034022.16470.f3 · Cited by 5,552
Cognitive Load Theory and the Format of Instruction
Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2 · Cited by 2,894
The ICAP framework: Linking cognitive engagement to active learning outcomes
Chi, M. T. H., & Wylie, R. (2014) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.965823 · Cited by 2,911
Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791 · Cited by 2,733
Metadata
- Authors
- Chi, M. T. H., Bassok, M., Lewis, M. W., Reimann, P., & Glaser, R.
- Affiliations
- RAND Corporation (US)
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg (DE)
- Venue
- Cognitive Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1989-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-182
- ISSN
- 0364-0213 (ISSN-L)
- 1551-6709
- OpenAlex
- W4239816899
- Cited by
- 1,714
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 27.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Keywords
- self-explanation, worked examples, problem solving, mechanics problems, self-monitoring, understanding-based learning, explanation-based learning, student differences
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