Cited by 92Pharmacogenetics and Drug MetabolismDrug Transport and Resistance MechanismsPharmaceutical studies and practices

Challenges and Opportunities with Non-CYP Enzymes Aldehyde Oxidase, Carboxylesterase, and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase: Focus on Reaction Phenotyping and Prediction of Human Clearance

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Argikar, Upendra A., Potter, Philip M., Hutzler, J. Matthew, Marathe, Punit H.·2016·The AAPS Journal

Abstract

Over the years, significant progress has been made in reducing metabolic instability due to cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation. High-throughput metabolic stability screening has enabled the advancement of compounds with little to no oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, high lipophilicity and low aqueous solubility of presently pursued chemotypes reduces the probability of renal excretion. As such, these low microsomal turnover compounds are often substrates for non-CYP-mediated metabolism. UGTs, esterases, and aldehyde oxidase are major enzymes involved in catalyzing such metabolism. Hepatocytes provide an excellent tool to identify such pathways including elucidation of major metabolites. To predict human PK parameters for P450-mediated metabolism, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation using hepatic microsomes, hepatocytes, and intestinal microsomes has been actively investigated. However, such methods have not been sufficiently evaluated for non-P450 enzymes. In addition to the involvement of the liver, extrahepatic enzymes (intestine, kidney, lung) are also likely to contribute to these pathways. While there has been considerable progress in predicting metabolic pathways and clearance primarily mediated by the liver, progress in characterizing extrahepatic metabolism and prediction of clearance has been slow. Well-characterized in vitro systems or in vivo animal models to assess drug-drug interaction potential and intersubject variability due to polymorphism are not available. Here we focus on the utility of appropriate in vitro studies to characterize non-CYP-mediated metabolism and to understand the enzymes involved followed by pharmacokinetic studies in the appropriately characterized surrogate species. The review will highlight progress made in establishing in vitro-in vivo correlation, predicting human clearance and avoiding costly clinical failures when non-CYP-mediated metabolic pathways are predominant.

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  1. [78]Wadkins RM Hyatt JL Yoon KJ Morton CL Lee RE Damodaran K Discovery of novel selective inhibitors of human intestinal carboxylesterase for the amelioration of irinotecan-induced diarrhea: synthesis, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, and biological activity Molecular pharmacology 2004 65 6 1336 43 10.1124/mol.65.6.1336 15155827 · DOI

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Authors
Argikar, U. A., Potter, P. M., Hutzler, J. M., & Marathe, P. H.
Affiliations
  • St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
  • Q2 Solutions (United States) (US)
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb (United States) (US)
Corresponding author
Marathe, Punit H.
Venue
The AAPS Journal
Published
2016-08-05
Volume
18
Issue
6
Pages
1391-1405
ISSN
1550-7416 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2501680897
Cited by
89
References
126
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1
FWCI
13.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The AAPS Journal (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA108775, P30CA021765)
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT007531)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
Keywords
aldehyde oxidase, carboxylesterase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, esterase, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, hepatocytes, extrahepatic metabolism, drug-drug interactions, interindividual variability, metabolic stability, pharmacokinetic prediction
MeSH terms
Animals, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Forecasting, Humans, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Phenotype, Glucuronosyltransferase, Aldehyde Oxidase, Carboxylesterase

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