The DOI matches its Crossref record; 300 of the 300 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses.
Abstract
I. Introduction THE existence of mechanisms that provide immunity to an infective agent was inferred from empirical observations obtained through the ingenuity and deductive capacity of early investigators. The first procedures for vaccinations and serotherapy resulted from these observations. The implementation of these procedures, probably the most important contribution of immunology to medical science, was, at first, based on a very rudimentary knowledge of the immune system. During the first half of the 20th century, this rather primitive knowledge coincided with evidence showing that the endocrine and nervous systems integrate and regulate different bodily functions. Therefore, based on some supportive data, it was considered that immune mechanisms may also be influenced by these systems. However, at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, most efforts were directed at understanding the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response and the mechanisms of acquisition of immunological diversity and self-tolerance.
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In the citing paper
“innate immune cytokines are potent stimulators of the neuroregulatory peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF).31”
From Cytokines and Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling (2009) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during infection and inflammation can affect behavior, mood, and functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) [1], [2], [3].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Animal and human studies suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α play a pivotal role in mediating sickness-related behavior and cognitive impairments by communicating peripheral inflammation to the brain [1], [3], [15], [16], [17].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“all of which have been found to be elevated in patients with major depression (99–101)”
From Cytokine Research in Depression: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questions (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“Cytokines can also affect neuroendocrine function by increasing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity.”
From Cytokine Research in Depression: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questions (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“Acute cytokine administration has been shown to increase corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol release”
From Cytokine Research in Depression: Principles, Challenges, and Open Questions (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
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Metadata
- Authors
- BESEDOVSKY, H. O., & REY, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- BESEDOVSKY, HUGO OSCAR
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1996-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-102
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- OpenAlex
- W1998086688
- Cited by
- 1,564
- References
- 300
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 43.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- neuroimmunology, endocrine regulation of immunity, history of immunology, vaccination, serum therapy, self-tolerance
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Hormones, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Immune System, Neuropeptides, Neurosecretory Systems, Cytokines, Neurotransmitter Agents
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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