Cited by 1,564Stress Responses and CortisolNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyVagus Nerve Stimulation Research

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Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses.

BESEDOVSKY, HUGO OSCAR, REY, ADRIANA DEL·1996·Endocrine Reviews

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Abstract

I. Introduction THE existence of mechanisms that provide immunity to an infective agent was inferred from empirical observations obtained through the ingenuity and deductive capacity of early investigators. The first procedures for vaccinations and serotherapy resulted from these observations. The implementation of these procedures, probably the most important contribution of immunology to medical science, was, at first, based on a very rudimentary knowledge of the immune system. During the first half of the 20th century, this rather primitive knowledge coincided with evidence showing that the endocrine and nervous systems integrate and regulate different bodily functions. Therefore, based on some supportive data, it was considered that immune mechanisms may also be influenced by these systems. However, at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, most efforts were directed at understanding the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response and the mechanisms of acquisition of immunological diversity and self-tolerance.

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Authors: BESEDOVSKY, H. O., & REY, A. D.
Affiliations: Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
Corresponding author: BESEDOVSKY, HUGO OSCAR
ORCID: BESEDOVSKY, HUGO OSCAR
Venue: Endocrine Reviews
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 1996-02
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 64-102
ISSN: 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
1945-7189
DOI: 10.1210/edrv-17-1-64
OpenAlex: W1998086688
Cited by: 1,564
References: 300
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 58
FWCI: 43.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
Keywords: neuroimmunology, endocrine regulation of immunity, history of immunology, vaccination, serum therapy, self-tolerance
MeSH terms: Animals, Homeostasis, Hormones, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Immune System, Neuropeptides, Neurosecretory Systems, Cytokines, Neurotransmitter Agents

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Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses.

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