The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights

Coutinho, Agnes E.; Chapman, Karen E.

doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.005

Cited by 1,815Estrogen and related hormone effectsAdrenal Hormones and DisordersStress Responses and Cortisol

The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights

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Coutinho, Agnes E., Chapman, Karen E.·2011·Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.005PMC PMC3047790

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Abstract

Since the discovery of glucocorticoids in the 1940s and the recognition of their anti-inflammatory effects, they have been amongst the most widely used and effective treatments to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, their clinical efficacy is compromised by the metabolic effects of long-term treatment, which include osteoporosis, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, a great deal of effort has been invested in identifying compounds that separate the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects from the adverse metabolic effects of glucocorticoids, with limited effect. It is clear that for these efforts to be effective, a greater understanding is required of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Recent research is shedding new light on some of these mechanisms and has produced some surprising new findings. Some of these recent developments are reviewed here.

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Glucocorticoids often precipitate significant hyperglycaemia.
“Despite their therapeutic value, they carry significant metabolic risks, including osteoporosis, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7”
From A systematic review of glucocorticoid use in type 1 diabetes: Glycaemic effects and clinical management strategies (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
The Abstract identifies insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes as adverse metabolic effects of long-term glucocorticoid treatment. The section “11β-HSD1 amplifies glucocorticoid action within cells” also discusses hyperglycemia, but does not establish that glucocorticoid treatment often precipitates significant hyperglycemia. The frequency and severity in the claim are therefore unsupported by this copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Glucocorticoids remain indispensable for the management of many autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, but their use is often complicated by metabolic side effects.
“GCs remain indispensable for the management of many autoimmune and inflammatory conditions; however, their use is often complicated by metabolic side effects.”
From A systematic review of glucocorticoid use in type 1 diabetes: Glycaemic effects and clinical management strategies (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
CCS have broad inhibitory effects on both innate and adaptive immune cells by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokines, T- and to a lesser extent, B-cells production.
“They have broad inhibitory effects on both innate and adaptive immune cells by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokines, T- and to a lesser extent, B-cells production (64).”
From Immunomodulation in Administration of RAAV: Preclinical and Clinical Adjuvant Pharmacotherapies (2021) · cites this paper as [64]

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“3 – 7 GC-induced hyperglycaemia is mediated by several mechanisms, including increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreased peripheral glucose uptake, and reduced insulin sensitivity, all of which can complicate glycaemic management in susceptible populations, 8,9 such as in individuals with diabetes.”

Authors: Coutinho, A. E., & Chapman, K. E.
Affiliations: The Queen's Medical Research Institute (GB)
Corresponding author: Chapman, Karen E.
ORCID: Chapman, Karen E.
Venue: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-03
Volume: 335
Issue: 1
Pages: 2-13
ISSN: 0303-7207 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.005
PMC: PMC3047790
OpenAlex: W2013980575
Cited by: 1,815
References: 231
Citations by year: 2026: 138 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 183 · 2023: 199 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 169 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 114 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 1.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor, 868 d)
Locations: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: glucocorticoids, anti-inflammatory activity, immunosuppression, metabolic side effects, osteoporosis, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disease
MeSH terms: Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Cell Differentiation, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Immune System, Immunosuppressive Agents, Inflammation, Leukocytes, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Transcription, Genetic, Signal Transduction, 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights

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