The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Region-Specific Leptin Resistance within the Hypothalamus of Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Abstract
Leptin resistance in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice is characterized by elevated serum leptin and a decreased response to exogenous leptin and is caused by unknown defects in the central nervous system. Leptin normally acts on several brain nuclei, but a detailed description of leptin resistance within individual brain regions has not been reported. We first mapped leptin-responsive cells in brains from DIO mice using phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription (P-STAT3) immunohistochemistry. After 16 wk of high-fat-diet feeding, leptin-activated P-STAT3 staining within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was dramatically decreased. In contrast, other hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei remained leptin sensitive. Reduced leptin-induced P-STAT3 in the ARC could also be detected after 4 wk and as early as 6 d of a high-fat diet. To examine potential mechanisms for leptin-resistant STAT3 activation in the ARC of DIO mice, we measured mRNA levels of candidate signaling molecules in the leptin receptor-STAT3 pathway. We found that the level of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3), an inhibitor of leptin signaling, is specifically increased in the ARC of DIO mice. The study suggests that the ARC is selectively leptin resistant in DIO mice and that this may be caused by elevated suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in this hypothalamic nucleus. Defects in leptin action in the ARC may play a role in the pathogenesis of leptin-resistant obesity.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the ability of leptin to activate pSTAT3, a marker of leptin signaling (49), is impaired in rodent models of DIO, specifically in the hypothalamic ARC (56, 124).”
From Leptin and the Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Metabolism (2011) · cites this paper as [124]
In the citing paper
“Importantly, P-STAT3 was not detected in the ventromedial (VMH), the dorsomedial (DMH), and the premammillary (PMV) nuclei of HA-ObRb/Pomc-Cre/Leprdb/db mice, regions known to express P-STAT3 in leptin-treated wild type mice (Figure 2C)(Munzberg et al., 2004).”
From Leptin-Dependent Control of Glucose Balance and Locomotor Activity by POMC Neurons (2009) · cites this paper as Munzberg et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Indeed, using a high-fat induced model of obesity in mice, leptin resistance measured by STAT-3 activation was shown to be restricted to the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (60, 194), and this correlated with expression of the suppressor of leptin signaling SOCS-3 (248).”
From Cardiac remodeling in obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [248]
In the citing paper
“Despite this, they do not show the expected reduction in food intake and increase in energy expenditure, thus leading to the concept of leptin resistance, probably due to a decrease in JAK2‐STAT3 signaling in pathologic conditions 127.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [127]
Citations
Cites
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585
Central nervous system control of food intake
Schwartz, M. W., Woods, S. C., Porte, D., Seeley, R. J., & Baskin, D. G. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35007534 · Cited by 6,451
Weight-Reducing Effects of the Plasma Protein Encoded by the obese Gene
Halaas, J. L., Gajiwala, K. S., Maffei, M., Cohen, S. L., Chait, B. T., Rabinowitz, D., Lallone, R. L., Burley, S. K., & Friedman, J. M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7624777 · Cited by 4,451
Effects of the obese Gene Product on Body Weight Regulation in ob / ob Mice
Pelleymounter, M. A., Cullen, M. J., Baker, M. B., Hecht, R., Winters, D., Boone, T., & Collins, F. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7624776 · Cited by 4,017
Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans
Montague, C. T., Farooqi, I. S., Whitehead, J. P., Soos, M. A., Rau, H., Wareham, N. J., Sewter, C. P., Digby, J. E., Mohammed, S. N., Hurst, J. A., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43185 · Cited by 2,936
Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus
Cowley, M. A., Smart, J. L., Rubinstein, M., Cerdán, M. G., Diano, S., Horvath, T. L., Cone, R. D., & Low, M. J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35078085 · Cited by 2,356
Heymsfield, S. B., Greenberg, A. S., Fujioka, K., Dixon, R. M., Kushner, R., Hunt, T., Lubina, J. A., Patane, J., Self, B., Hunt, P., et al. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1568 · Cited by 1,422
Farooqi, I. S., Matarese, G., Lord, G. M., Keogh, J. M., Lawrence, E., Agwu, C., Sanna, V., Jebb, S. A., Perna, F., Fontana, S., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci15693 · Cited by 1,374
Caro, J. F., Kolaczynski, J. W., Nyce, M. R., Ohannesian, J. P., Opentanova, I., Goldman, W. H., Lynn, R. B., Zhang, P.-L., Sinha, M. K., & Considine, R. V. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)03173-x · Cited by 1,175
Farooqi, I. S., Matarese, G., Lord, G. M., Keogh, J. M., Lawrence, E., Agwu, C., Sanna, V., Jebb, S. A., Perna, F., Fontana, S., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0215693 · Cited by 1,105
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 733
Hubungan kadar leptin terhadap parameter trombosit pada pasien dengan obesitas
Fajaryani, D., Hendrianingtyas, M., & Retnoningrum, D. (2019) · Intisari Sains Medis · doi:10.15562/ism.v10i1.355 · Cited by 2
Na, E. S., Lam, D. D., Yokosawa, E. B., Adams, J. M., Olson, D. P., & Low, M. J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244793 · Cited by 2
Areola, E. D., Sabinari, I. W., Usman, T. O., Abayomi, F. I., Onyezia, O., Onaolapo, B., Adetokunbo, P. O., Adebanjo, O. O., Oladipupo, F. R., & Olatunji, L. A. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07574 · Cited by 2
Kim, Y. (2007) · Journal of Korean Endocrine Society · doi:10.3803/jkes.2007.22.5.311 · Cited by 2
Animal Models for Manipulation of Thermogenesis
Henry, B. A., & Clarke, I. J. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00014-2 · Cited by 2
Sahu, A. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-31416-7_4 · Cited by 2
Farmer, J. A. (2007) · Oxidative stress and disease · doi:10.1201/9781420043792.ch9 · Cited by 2
Hormonal regulation of puberty onset in female rats: is leptin a missing link?
Zeinoaldini, S. (2005) · doi:10.18174/18122 · Cited by 2
Genes, environment, neuroendocrine circuits, and energy balance
Tolle, V., & Low, M. J. (2004) · Drug Discovery Today Disease Models · doi:10.1016/j.ddmod.2004.10.007 · Cited by 2
Oliveira, L. D. C. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2022.tde-06022023-105659 · Cited by 2
Tejido Adiposo ¿amigo o enemigo?
López, V. (2021) · Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha eBooks · doi:10.18239/atenea_2021.23.03 · Cited by 1
Costa-e-Sousa, R. H., & Brooks, V. L. (2024) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2024.07.005 · Cited by 1
Obesity and Hypertension: Etiology and the Effects of Diet, Bariatric Surgery, and Antiobesity Drugs
Elattar, S., Chand, S., Salem, A. M., Abdulfattah, A., Bassiony, M. A. A., Frishman, W. H., & Aronow, W. S. (2025) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000937 · Cited by 1
Khadrawy, Y. A., Khoder, N. M., El-Gizawy, M. M., Hosny, E. N., Sawie, H. G., Elkholy, N. S., Amer, H. M., & Ezz, H. S. A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27087-6 · Cited by 1
Pintado, C., Mazuecos, L., Torres, Ó. G., Merino, B., Casanueva-Álvarez, E., Rubio, B., Burgos‐Ramos, E., Artigas-Jerónimo, S., Moltó, E., Ramos, I. M., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp290832 · Cited by 1
Trapp, S. K. (2015) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/7dxv-br44 · Cited by 1
Mercer, J. G., Duncan, J. S., & Archer, Z. A. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.041 · Cited by 1
Can exercise prevent coronary artery disease even on a high fat diet?
Taylor, P. D. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.238782 · Cited by 1
Davis, G. C. (2012) · The Open Neuroendocrinology Journal · doi:10.2174/1876528901205010013 · Cited by 1
Müller, T. D., Clemmensen, C., Finan, B., DiMarchi, R. D., & Tschöp, M. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09915-6_21 · Cited by 1
The Role of Central Nervous System Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in the Regulation of Energy Balance
Barrera, J. G. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Obesity and male reproductive functions
Muneyyirci‐Delale, O., & Shukla, M. (2019) · Advances in Obesity Weight Management & Control · doi:10.15406/aowmc.2019.09.00280 · Cited by 1
Hes, C., Tomlinson, A. J., Michielsen, L., Murdoch, H. J., Soltani, F., Kokoeva, M. V., & Sabatini, P. V. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613879 · Cited by 3
Altered leptin signaling and attenuated cardiac vagal activity in rats with type 2 diabetes
Evans, A. J., Tu, H., Li, Y., Shabaltiy, B., Whitney, L., Carpenter, K., & Li, Y.-L. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1547901 · Cited by 1
Neuroimmunometabolism as a regulator of obesity
Sweeney, C. A. P., & Domingos, A. I. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15447-8.00011-8 · Cited by 1
Obesity, sympathetic nervous system, and hypertension - are they connected?
Conrady, A. Ο. (2006) · Arterial’naya Gipertenziya (Arterial Hypertension) · doi:10.18705/1607-419x-2006-12-2-131-140 · Cited by 1
Nikhra, V. (2018) · Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences · doi:10.31031/rmes.2018.06.000627 · Cited by 1
Castillo Sarmiento, C. A., & Rodríguez-Martín, B. (2021) · Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha eBooks · doi:10.18239/atenea_2021.23.00 · Cited by 2
Adipose Tissue and Immuno-Metabolic Regulation
Davanzo, G. G., Hoffman, A., Moraes‐Vieira, P. M., & Becker, L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86684-6_10 · Cited by 1
Sympathetic vascular tone in human obesity
Correia, M. (2007) · doi:10.17077/etd.v54kf0if · Cited by 1
SOCS Proteins and Cytokine Signalling: The many Faces of the SOCS Box
Piessevaux, J. (2008) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 1
The role of AgRP neurons as a central link between leptin receptors and fertility
Egan, O. K. (2016) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 1
Capetini, V. C. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.42.2016.tde-10082016-154401 · Cited by 1
The role of integrin alpha 7 in diet-induced obesity and signalling
Taylor, J. (2018) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 1
Leptin regulates glucose homeostasis via the canonical WNT pathwayPreprint
Kamstra, K., Rizwan, M. Z., Horsfield, J. A., Pretz, D., Shepherd, P. R., Grattan, D. R., & Tups, A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431518 · Cited by 1
Ha, S., Baver, S. B., Huo, L., Gata, A., Hairston, J. E., Huntoon, N., Li, W., Zhang, T., Benecchi, E. J., Ericsson, M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/a3ef8765-266f-4e4b-8370-264d6f6f301e · Cited by 1
Self-citationHes, C., Tomlinson, A. J., Michielsen, L., Murdoch, H. J., Soltani, F., Kokoeva, M. V., & Sabatini, P. V. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.106217.1 · Cited by 1
Amigó-Correig, M. (2010) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona)
Mapping the Neural Mechanisms by which Leptin Regulates Distinct Physiological Functions.
Louis, G. W. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Considine, R. V. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527629527.ch10
Hekimoğlu, A. (2007) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · doi:10.17827/aktd.33998
Perinatal programming of appetite regulation and metabolic health
Dellschaft, N. S. (2012) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)
Insulin–Leptin Signaling in the Brain
Barrios, V., Burgos‐Ramos, E., & Argente, J. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118395318.ch4
Bjursell, M. (2007) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Leptin and insulin as adiposity signals
Niswender, K. D. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511541643.005
Roles of Jak2 in Leptin Action: From Molecular Signaling to Physiology.
Robertson, S. (2011) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
The obese brain: neuroendocrine modulations in the reward system
van den Munkhof, H. E. (2013) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Resistencia a leptina inducida por fructosa: ¿un camino rápido hacia la esteatosis hepática?
Ruiz‐Gayo, M., & Fernández‐Alfonso, M. S. (2008) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0214-9168(08)75786-3
Vengethasamy, L. (2010) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
Role of leptin and obesity-related leptin resistance in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome
Rahmouni, K., & Correia, M. (2006)
The potential crosstalk between the brain and adipose tissue in Obesity
Al-Mazidi, S. H., & Zakareia, F. A. (2016) · European Medical Health and Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.12955/emhpj.v9i1.720
Fatores moleculares envolvidos nas alterações metabólicas durante a gestação: papel do SOCS3.
Zampieri, T. T. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2016.tde-07122015-181252
Harvey, J. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30381-9_28
Poritsanos, N. J. (2010) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Posey, K. A. (2009) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central)
Changes in Cardiotrophin-1 and Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 with Weight Loss
Bowers, R. L. (2009)
Obesity alters the immune response to influenza virus infection: a mechanism for immune modulation
Smith, A. G. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/8g6s-9d79
Karlsson, E. A. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/z7a5-ph53
Ruohonen, S. T. (2009) · UTUPub (University of Turku)
LEPTINA E EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO: MECANISMOS PARA CONTROLE DO PESO CORPORAL
de Souza, W. M. M., Monteiro, E. R., & Salerno, V. ́. (2015) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
The isolation of novel leptin variants using phage display
Tomini, K. (2015) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Unraveling Novel Leptin-Dependent Signaling Pathways in the Basomedial Hypothalamus.
Villanueva, E. C. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Mietlicki‐Baase, E. G., & Hayes, M. R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12125-3_25-1
The Role of Neuronal DNA Methyltransferase 1 in Energy Homeostasis and Obesity
Bruggeman, E. C. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/8518675
Cheng, L. (2015) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)
Pathophysiology of Metabolic Syndrome: Part I—Influence of Adiposity and Insulin Resistance
Fiamoncini, J., Romanatto, T., Hirabara, S. M., & Curi, R. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19099-4
Leptin as a Vasoactive Adipokine
Lolmède, K., Curat, C. A., Bouloumié, A., Miranville, A., & Sengenès, C. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420005479.ch8
Is There a Future for Gene Therapy in Obesity?
Zolotukhin, S. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781420051452-30
Machado, S. D. S. C. (2015) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2015.tde-30032015-093506
LPS-STIMULATED STAT3 ACTIVATION IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS 2
Borges, B. C., Rorato, R. C., Uchôa, E. T., da Silva, G. S. F., Júnior, F. J. D. P., Branco, L. G. S., Antunes‐Rodrigues, J., Leico, L., & Elias, K. (2013)
Carvalho, K. M. M. B. (2015) · Americanae (AECID Library)
a Leptin regulation of inflammatory responses in human gingival fibroblasts
Williams, R. C. (2015)
Cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality : influence of fitness, fatness and genetic factors
Högström, G. (2017) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University)
Maternal High Fat Feeding: Impact of Female Offspring Body Composition and Bone Health
Castelli, L. M. (2014) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Modulation of neuropeptide W on gastric vagal afferents.
Li, H. (2014) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
Autonomous and motor disorders
Pietropaolo, S., Sluyter, F., & Crusio, W. E. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107360556.005
Efeito da dieta hiperlipídica sobre a responsividade de neurônios kisspeptidérgicos à leptina
Venancio-Brochi, J. C. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.17.2016.tde-06012016-164539
7. The role of diet in systemic and neural inflammation in obesity and metabolic syndrome
Masquio, D. C. L., Campos, R. M. D. S., Corgosinho, F. C., Castro, S., Kravchychyn, A. C. P., de Piano, A., & Dâmaso, A. R. (2017) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-853-7_7
Leptin and Aging in Animal Models
Balaskó, M., Rostás, I., Tenk, J., Soós, S., & Pétervári, E. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811353-0.00067-1
Estudo das funções da leptina durante o período intrauterino e infância no camundongo.
Lobo, A. M. R. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2019.tde-21032019-161135
The role of odd chain fatty acids on hepatocyte and monocyte function
Ikwuobe, J. (2019) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · doi:10.48780/publications.aston.ac.uk.00041187
تأثیر حشیشة الدینار على صورة دهون الدم فی فئران الألبینو البالغة التی حقنت بالبنزو]أ[ بیرین
عزیزو, ر. إ., صبری, ش., & داود, س. ج. (2020) · مجلة کلیة التربیة النوعیة - جامعة بورسعید · doi:10.21608/pssrj.2020.92295
Kim, M. (2008) · Journal of Korean Endocrine Society · doi:10.3803/jkes.2008.23.5.298
Skinner, N. J. (2021) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Biodiversity of the Adipocyte-Derived Hormone, Leptin
Manjunathan, R., Kasiviswanathan, D., & Jayaraman, S. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.100576
Shimizu, H. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02112-1_8
Intermittent Hypoxia Alters Metabolic and Cardiovascular Neural Pathways
Moreau, J. M. (2013) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Mietlicki‐Baase, E. G., & Hayes, M. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11251-0_25
Metadata
- Authors
- Münzberg, H., Flier, J. S., & Bjørbæk, C.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bjørbæk, Christian
- ORCID
- Flier, Jeffrey S.
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2004-11-01
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4880-4889
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W2045522606
- Cited by
- 737
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 13.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK060673, R01 DK60673, R37DK028082, R37 DK 28082)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- leptin resistance, diet-induced obesity, hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, STAT3 signaling, SOCS3, leptin receptor, high-fat diet, obesity pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein, Animals, Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus, Body Weight, Dietary Fats, Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, Eating, Hyperphagia, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, Repressor Proteins, RNA, Messenger, Transcription Factors, Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, Signal Transduction, Leptin, Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
