Prolactin regulates kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus to suppress LH secretion in female rats

Araujo-Lopes, Roberta; Crampton, Jessica R.; Aquino, Nayara S.S.; Miranda, Roberta M.; Kokay, Ilona C.; Reis, Adelina M.; Franci, Celso R.; Grattan, David R.; Szawka, Raphael E.

doi:10.1210/en.2013-1889

Cited by 119Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesRegulation of Appetite and ObesityNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

Prolactin regulates kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus to suppress LH secretion in female rats

Araujo-Lopes, Roberta, Crampton, Jessica R., Aquino, Nayara S.S., Miranda, Roberta M., Kokay, Ilona C., Reis, Adelina M., Franci, Celso R., Grattan, David R. +1 more·2014·Endocrinology

DOI 10.1210/en.2013-1889

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Abstract

Prolactin (PRL) is known to suppress LH secretion. Kisspeptin neurons regulate LH secretion and express PRL receptors. We investigated whether PRL acts on kisspeptin neurons to suppress LH secretion in lactating (Lac) and virgin rats. Lac rats displayed high PRL secretion and reduced plasma LH and kisspeptin immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Bromocriptine-induced PRL blockade significantly increased ARC kisspeptin and plasma LH levels in Lac rats but did not restore them to the levels of non-Lac rats. Bromocriptine effects were prevented by the coadministration of ovine PRL (oPRL). Virgin ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with either systemic or intracerebroventricular oPRL displayed reduction of kisspeptin expression in the ARC and plasma LH levels, and these effects were comparable with those of estradiol treatment in OVX rats. Conversely, estradiol-treated OVX rats displayed increased kisspeptin immunoreactivity in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, whereas oPRL had no effect in this brain area. The expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 was used to determine whether kisspeptin neurons in the ARC were responsive to PRL. Accordingly, intracerebroventricular oPRL induced expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 in the great majority of ARC kisspeptin neurons in virgin and Lac rats. We provide here evidence that PRL acts on ARC neurons to inhibit kisspeptin expression in female rats. During lactation, PRL contributes to the inhibition of ARC kisspeptin. In OVX rats, high PRL levels suppress kisspeptin expression and reduce LH release. These findings suggest a pathway through which hyperprolactinemia may inhibit LH secretion and thereby cause infertility.

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During lactation, elevated PRL inhibits kisspeptin expression in the arcuate nucleus.
“In addition, during lactation, elevated PRL inhibits kisspeptin expression in the arcuate nucleus (35).”
From Kisspeptin Overcomes GnRH Neuronal Suppression Secondary to Hyperprolactinemia in Humans (2022) · cites this paper as [35]

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Current Insights in Prolactin Signaling and Ovulatory Function
Szukiewicz, D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25041976 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…that the PRL/PRL-kisspeptin interaction plays an important role in the regulation of the HPG axis was obtained by demonstrating that systemic or intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of PRL inhibited KISS1 expression in the hypothalamus, with a subsequent reduction in plasma LH levels [316,320].”
Background
Prolactinomas, cabergoline, and pregnancy
Glezer, A., & Bronstein, M. D. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0334-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kisspeptin Regulation of Neuronal Activity throughout the Central Nervous System
Liu, X., & Herbison, A. E. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2016.31.2.193 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B
Patel, B., Koysombat, K., Mills, E., Tsoutsouki, J., Comninos, A. N., Abbara, A., & Dhillo, W. S. (2023) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnad023 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kisspeptin across the human lifespan:evidence from animal studies and beyond
Clarke, S. A., & Dhillo, W. S. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-15-0538 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“2014), with researchers suggesting that this may be the underlying mechanism behind hyperprolactinaemia-associated hypogonadism (Araujo-Lopes et al. 2014).”
Background
Integrated Hypothalamic Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Reproductive Roles of mRNAs and miRNAs in Sheep
Zhang, Z., Tang, J., Di, R., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Gan, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Chu, M., & Hu, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.01296 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“PRL, as mentioned above, plays an important role in GnRH activities (Araujo-Lopes et al., 2014).”
Background
Kisspeptin Regulates Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurones and Prolactin Secretion in an Oestradiol‐Dependent Manner in Male and Female Rats
Ribeiro, A. B., Leite, C. M., Kalil, B., Franci, C. R., Anselmo-Franci, J. A., & Szawka, R. E. (2014) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12242 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Interactions between prolactin and kisspeptin to control reproduction
Donato, J., & Frazão, R. (2016) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1590/2359-3997000000230 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Additionally, these receptors are functional because an acute prolactin stimulus can induce pSTAT5 in Kiss1-expressing neurons (detailed information can be found on Table 1) (4,5,8).”
BackgroundInfluential
Kisspeptin Overcomes GnRH Neuronal Suppression Secondary to Hyperprolactinemia in Humans
Hoskova, K., Kayton Bryant, N., Chen, M. E., Nachtigall, L. B., Lippincott, M. F., Balasubramanian, R., & Seminara, S. B. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac166 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A reduction in voluntary physical activity in early pregnancy in mice is mediated by prolactin
Ladyman, S. R., Carter, K. M., Gillett, M. L., Aung, Z. K., & Grattan, D. R. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.62260 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Role of the Kiss1/Kiss1r system in the regulation of pituitary cell function
Gahete, M. D., Vazquez-Borrego, M. C., Martínez‐Fuentes, A. J., Tena‐Sempere, M., Castano, J. P., & Luque, R. M. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.039 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“322 Likewise, expression of PRL receptors has been detected in hypothalamic (rostral and 323 arcuate nucleus) Kiss1 neurons in rats [63, 65].”
Ovulation, A Sign of Health
Pilar Vigil, P., Ana, C. L. D., Flores, B., Rioseco, H., & Serrano, F. G. (2017) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00243639.2017.1394053 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Impact of Triclosan on Female Reproduction through Reducing Thyroid Hormones to Suppress Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons in Mice
Cao, X., Xu, H., Xiong, J., Zhu, W., Zhang, J., & Chen, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“, 2011); the administration of PRL prevents the occurrence of preovulatory LH surges in ovary-intact rats (Araujo-Lopes et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of Prolactin and Lactation on A15 Dopamine Neurones in the Rostral Preoptic Area of Female Mice
Brown, R. S. E., Herbison, A. E., & Grattan, D. R. (2015) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12297 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Lactational Amenorrhea: Neuroendocrine Pathways Controlling Fertility and Bone Turnover
Calik-Ksepka, A., Stradczuk, M., Czarnecka, K., Grymowicz, M., & Smolarczyk, R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031633 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“ARC neurons to inhibit kisspeptin expression [65,66].”
Background
Changes in nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and male reproductive hormones in response to chronic restraint stress in rats
Moustafa, A. (2020) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.315 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
α-Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Modulate Kisspeptin Effects on Prolactin: Role in Estradiol-Induced Prolactin Surge in Female Rats
Aquino, N. S. S., Araújo-Lopes, R., Henriques, P. C., Lopes, F. E. F., Gusmão, D. O., Coimbra, C. C., Franci, C. R., dos Reis, A. M., & Szawka, R. E. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1855 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
STAT5 signaling in kisspeptin cells regulates the timing of puberty
Silveira, M. A., Furigo, I. C., Zampieri, T. T., Bohlen, T. M., de Paula, D. G., Franci, C. R., Donato, J., & Frazão, R. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.024 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…prolactin induces direct, acute effects on the membrane 300 excitability of kisspeptin neurons, previous studies r ported that many kisspeptin neurons are responsive 301 to prolactin (Araujo-Lopes et al., 2014; Brown et al., 2014; Kokay et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011; Sjoeh lm 302 et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Acute effects of somatomammotropin hormones on neuronal components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Silveira, M. A., Zampieri, T. T., Furigo, I. C., Abdulkader, F., Donato, J., & Frazão, R. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications in female reproduction
Wu, H., Chang, H., & Leung, P. C. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100876 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Plasticity of the Prolactin (PRL) Axis: Mechanisms Underlying Regulation of Output in Female Mice
Tissier, P. L., Hodson, D. J., Martin, A., Romanò, N., & Mollard, P. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Recent studies in rats have suggested that the pathway leading to this suppression of fertility is via kisspeptin neuron inhibition by the high PRL levels during lactation [23], together with direct effects upon LH release from pituitary gonadotrophs [20, 24].”
Background
Hypothalamus as an Endocrine Organ
Clarke, I. J. (2015) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00605.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“13).”
Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases
Song, J., & Choi, S. (2023) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en23040 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Prolactin binds to prolactin receptors in ARH Kiss+ neurons and thus decreases Kiss1 expression in female rats, leading to suppression of LH secretion and subsequent infertility [87].”
Background
The role of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters on kisspeptin/kiss1r-signaling in female reproduction
Saedi, S., Khoradmehr, A., Shirazi, M. R. J., & Tamadon, A. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.07.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Grass carp prolactin: Molecular cloning, tissue expression, intrapituitary autoregulation by prolactin and paracrine regulation by growth hormone and luteinizing hormone
Lin, C., Jiang, X. X., Hu, G., Ko, W. K. W., & Wong, A. (2014) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.010 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rapid modulation of hypothalamic Kiss1 levels by the suckling stimulus in the lactating rat
Higo, S., Aikawa, S., Iijima, N., & Ozawa, H. (2015) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-15-0143 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Jo u rn a l o f E n d o cr in o lo g y Several studies report the reduced expression of kisspeptin under lactating condition using rats (Yamada et al. 2007, 2012, True et al. 2011, Araujo-Lopes et al. 2014) and mice (Liu et al. 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Estradiol Potentiates But Is Not Essential for Prolactin-Induced Suppression of Luteinizing Hormone Pulses in Female Rats
Silva, J. F., Henriques, P. C., Campideli-Santana, A. C., Araújo-Lopes, R., Aquino, N. S. S., Hipolito, L. T. M., Lopes‐Aguiar, C., dos Reis, A. M., Grattan, D. R., & Szawka, R. E. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa022 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Reduced dopaminergic tone during lactation is permissive to the hypothalamic stimulus for suckling‐induced prolactin release
Silva, K. S. D. C., Aquino, N. S. S., Gusmão, D. O., Henriques, P. C., dos Reis, A. M., & Szawka, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12880 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chronic exposure to perfluorohexane sulfonate leads to a reproduction deficit by suppressing hypothalamic kisspeptin expression in mice
Yin, X., Di, T., Cao, X., Liu, Z., Xie, J., & Zhang, S. (2021) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-021-00903-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kisspeptin neuron electrophysiology: Intrinsic properties, hormonal modulation, and regulation of homeostatic circuits
Jamieson, B. B., & Piet, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Effects of Tamoxifen on Oestrogen Regulation of Luteinising Hormone and Prolactin Secretion in Female Rats
Aquino, N. S. S., Araújo-Lopes, R., Batista, I. A. R., Henriques, P. C., Poletini, M. O., Franci, C. R., dos Reis, A. M., & Szawka, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12338 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Prolactin and Its Role in Human Reproduction
Tritos, N. A., & Klibanski, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00003-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The role of prolactin in co-ordinating fertility and metabolic adaptations during reproduction
Ladyman, S. R., Hackwell, E. C. R., & Brown, R. S. E. (2019) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107911 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Acute effects of prolactin on hypothalamic prolactin receptor expressing neurones in the mouse
Georgescu, T. R., Ladyman, S. R., Brown, R. S. E., & Grattan, D. R. (2020) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12908 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Prolactin increases the expression of pSTAT5 in both ARC and AVPV kisspeptin neurones [16,26,37,38], but only has acute effects on 5% of the AVPV population [16].”
Background
Somatostatin-Somatostatin Receptor 2 Signaling Mediates LH Pulse Suppression in Lactating Rats
Sugimoto, A., Tsuchida, H., Ieda, N., Ikegami, K., Inoue, N., Uenoyama, Y., & Tsukamura, H. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2018-00882 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Vasoactive intestinal peptide exerts an excitatory effect on hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons during estrogen negative feedback
Mansano, N. D. S., Paradela, R. S., Bohlen, T. M., Zanardi, I. M., Chaves, F. M., Silveira, M. A., Tavares, M. R., Donato, J., & Frazão, R. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111532 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kisspeptin and Prolactin
Grattan, D. R., & Szawka, R. E. (2019) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0039-3400956 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Expression of Estrogen Receptor Isoforms Underlies Estradiol Control of Luteinizing Hormone in Female Rats
Henriques, P. C., Aquino, N. S. S., Campideli-Santana, A. C., Silva, J. F., Araújo-Lopes, R., Franci, C. R., Coimbra, C. C., & Szawka, R. E. (2022) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqac101 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Vitamin K in Vertebrates’ Reproduction: Further Puzzling Pieces of Evidence from Teleost Fish Species
Beato, S., Toledo-Solís, F. J., & Fernández, I. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10091303 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In contrast, different studies in mammals have proved that high prolactin (PRL) levels and dynorphin inhibit the KISS signaling pathway [130,131].”
Result
Hypothalamic Prolactin Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in the Female Rat
Grachev, P., Li, X. F., Goffin, V., & O'Byrne, K. T. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1040 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“A significant proportion of PRL-receptive ARC neurons are likely to be KNDy neurons because icv administration of PRL induced phosphorylated STAT5 expression in most kisspeptin-immunoreactive cells in this region (15).”
Background
Kisspeptin expression is decreased in the arcuate nucleus of hypothyroid female rats with irregular estrus cycles
Tomori, Y., Takumi, K., Iijima, N., Takai, S., & Ozawa, H. (2016) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2016.11.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“On the other hand, PRL has no effect on kisspeptin expression in the AVPV of ovariectomized rats (Araujo-Lopes et al., 2014).”
Background
Kisspeptin Treatment Restores Ovarian Function in Rats with Hypothyroidism
de Oliveira, L. S., da Silva, T. Q. M., Barbosa, E. M., Cordeiro, J. M. D. A., Santos, L. C., Henriques, P. C., Santos, B. R., Gusmão, D. D. O., de Macedo, I. O., Szawka, R. E., et al. (2022) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2021.0638 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“26 The analysis of the images was blind using the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, USA).”
Fasting Modulates GABAergic Synaptic Transmission to Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurons in Female Mice
Mansano, N. D. S., Vieira, H. R., Araújo-Lopes, R., Szawka, R. E., Donato, J., & Frazão, R. (2023) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqad150 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hyperandrogenism induces proportional changes in the expression of Kiss-1, Tac2, and DynA in hypothalamic KNDy neurons
Okada, H., Kanasaki, H., Tumurbaatar, T., Tumurgan, Z., Oride, A., & Kyo, S. (2022) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-022-00963-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Diurnal regulation of hypothalamic kisspeptin is disrupted during mouse pregnancy
Yap, C., Wharfe, M. D., Mark, P. J., Waddell, B. J., & Smith, J. T. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-16-0086 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Partial loss of arcuate kisspeptin neurons in female rats stimulates luteinizing hormone and decreases prolactin secretion induced by estradiol
Campideli-Santana, A. C., Gusmão, D. O., de Almeida, F. R. C. L., Araújo-Lopes, R., & Szawka, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13204 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The omission of the primary antibody resulted in no labeling (data not shown), and the immunoreactivity of the anti-kisspeptin antibody has been abolished by the preadsorption with kisspeptin-10.(30) Sections containing the ARC and ME were double labeled for S(40)pTH and TH using immunofluorescence as described previo…”
Method
New insights into human prolactin pathophysiology: genomics and beyond
Chang, S., & Copperman, A. B. (2019) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000545 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hypogonadism in Male Patients with Pituitary Adenoma and Its Related Mechanism: A Review of Literature
Yan, Z., & Lei, T. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12060796 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The latest finding is that PRL induces the phosphorylation of signal transduction and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) in the kisspeptin neurons of the arcuate nucleus in rats [38].”
Background
Invited review: Translating kisspeptin and neurokinin B biology into new therapies for reproductive health
Mills, E., & Dhillo, W. S. (2022) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13201 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“whereas kisspeptin neurons unequivocally do with hyperprolactinaemia reducing hypothalamic kisspeptin expression.(68) This reveals that”
Background
Pathophysiology and Medical Management of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Clayton, A. H., & Vignozzi, L. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119266136.ch6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Prolactin-mediates a lactation-induced suppression of arcuate kisspeptin neuronal activity necessary for lactational infertility in mice
Hackwell, E. C., Ladyman, S. R., Clarkson, J., McQuillan, H. J., Boehm, U., Herbison, A. E., Brown, R. S., & Grattan, D. R. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.94570 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Comparative Hypothalamic Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Crucial mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs Affecting Litter Size in Goats
Dong, S., Hou, B., Yang, C., Li, Y., Sun, B., Guo, Y., Deng, M., Liu, D., & Liu, G. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14020444 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mood, Food, and Fertility: Adaptations of the Maternal Brain
Woodside, B. C. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c150036 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Influence of Gonadal Steroid Hormones on Immunoreactive Kisspeptin in the Preoptic Area and Arcuate Nucleus of Developing Agonadal Mice with a Genetic Disruption of Steroidogenic Factor 1
Büdefeld, T., Tobet, S. A., & Majdič, G. (2015) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000437166 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction
McCartney, C., & Marshall, J. (2021) · Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-2758-2.00001-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kisspeptin and lactational anestrus: Current understanding and future prospects
Uenoyama, Y., Inoue, N., & Tsukamura, H. (2023) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171026 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Alterations of the Neuroendocrine Components of the Reproductive Axis
Helm, K. D., Nass, R., & Evans, W. (2019) · Yen and Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00020-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Norepinephrine modulation of heat dissipation in female rats lacking estrogen
Fonseca, C. S., Aquino, N. S. S., Gonçalves, G. K. N., Drummond, L. R., Hipolito, L. T. M., Silva, J. F., Silva, K. S. D. C., Henriques, P. C., Domingues, T. E., Lacerda, A. C. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13188 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Interactions between Kisspeptin Neurons and Hypothalamic Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons in Aged Female Rats
Iwata, K., Ikehara, M., Kunimura, Y., & Ozawa, H. (2016) · ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA · doi:10.1267/ahc.16027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Expression in Hyperandrogenic Female Rats and Aging Rats
Iwata, K., Kunimura, Y., & Ozawa, H. (2019) · ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA · doi:10.1267/ahc.19013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction
McCartney, C. R., & Marshall, J. C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00001-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reproductive status affects the expression of prolactin receptor mRNA in the brain of female Damaraland mole-rats
Voigt, C., & Bennett, N. C. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.08.002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Morphological plasticity of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurones in the rat during the oestrous cycle and lactation
Yip, S. H., Araújo-Lopes, R., Szawka, R. E., York, J., Hyland, B. I., Grattan, D. R., & Bunn, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12884 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The elusive role of prolactin in the sociality of the naked mole-rat
Gilbert, J. D., Rossiter, S. J., Bennett, N. C., & Faulkes, C. G. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105196 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Changes in luteinizing hormone pulse frequency and prolactin levels in bitches in response to estrus induction by cabergoline-its cases where it is delayed to induce estrus
Ohtaki, T., FUJIWARA, H., Watanabe, G., Mamiko, O. N. O., Taya, K., & Tsumagari, S. (2020) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Science · doi:10.1292/jvms.19-0397 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“PRL may modulate the reproductive axis by acting on a specific population of hypothalamic neurons that express the Kiss1 gene [1, 36].”
Background
Plasma kisspeptin levels in lactational amenorrhea
Kotani, M., Katagiri, F., Hirai, T., Kagawa, J., & Tanaka, I. (2017) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2017.1320380 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In rodent central nervous systems, the kisspeptin secretion is regulated by multiple factors such as neurokinin B, dynorphin, sex steroids and prolactin (PRL) [5,10–12].”
BackgroundInfluential
Integrated analysis of microRNA and mRNA interactions regulating fecundity in the ovaries of two distinct sheep breeds
Yousuf, S., Malik, W. A., Feng, H., Liu, T., Xie, L., & Miao, X. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-11408-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…prolactin (PRL) release but also inhibit luteinizing (LH) release, and this inhibitory effects may occur through prohibiting the release of GnRH [73]. oar-miR-379-5p has also been reported potential biomarkers of early pregnancy in sheep [74]. oar-miR-16b was found to be differently expressed…”
Biological roles of growth hormone/prolactin from an evolutionary perspective
Iwasaki, Y., Nishiyama, M., Corcoran, D., & Araki, T. (2024) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej24-0118 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Socs3 ablation in kisspeptin cells partially prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced body weight loss
Bohlen, T. M., de Paula, D. G., Teixeira, P. D. S., Mansano, N. D. S., Alves, G. A., Donato, J., & Frazão, R. (2022) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155999 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Identification and Characterization of Hypothalamic Alternative Splicing Events and Variants in Ovine Fecundity-Related Genes
Zhang, Z., Tang, J., He, X., Di, R., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Hu, W., & Chu, M. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10112111 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A previous study revealed that PRL in the hypothalami of mice could inhibit LH release, probably by involving GnRH release, and kisspeptin neurons seemed to be the target of PRL-inhibiting GnRH neurons [49].”
Background
Prolactin-mediates a lactation-induced suppression of arcuate kisspeptin neuronal activity necessary for lactational infertility in mice
Hackwell, E. C. R., Ladyman, S. R., Clarkson, J., McQuillan, H. J., Boehm, U., Herbison, A. E., Brown, R. S. E., & Grattan, D. R. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577359 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Elevated prolactin levels before endometrial transformation negatively impact reproductive outcomes in frozen embryo transfer cycles under hormone replacement therapy
Wang, Y., Sheng, F., Cao, L., Ni, J., Wang, M., Yan, Y., Wang, J., Lu, J., Zhou, J., & Shao, H. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07307-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Proteomic changes during adult stage in pre-optic, hypothalamus, hippocampus and pituitary regions of female rat brain following neonatal exposure to estradiol-17β
Govindaraj, V., Shridharan, R. N., & Rao, A. J. (2018) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.05.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sexually dimorphic effects of prolactin treatment on the onset of puberty and olfactory function in mice
Corona, R., Jayakumar, P., Carbajo-Mata, M. A., Valle-Díaz, M. F. D., Luna-García, L. A., & Morales, T. (2020) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113652 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Impact of One-Week Administration of Dihydrotestosterone in Rat Anterior Pituitary Gland
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Background
Central δ/κ opioid receptor signaling pathways mediate chronic and/or acute suckling-induced LH suppression in rats during late lactation
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The Role of Kisspeptin Neurons in Mediating Prolactin-Induced Suppression of LH Secretion
Lien, R. J. (2019) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Prolactin-mediates a lactation-induced suppression of arcuate kisspeptin neuronal activity necessary for lactational infertility in micePreprint
Hackwell, E. C. R., Ladyman, S. R., Clarkson, J., McQuillan, H. J., Boehm, U., Herbison, A. E., Brown, R. S. E., & Grattan, D. R. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.94570.1

Authors: Araujo-Lopes, R., Crampton, J. R., Aquino, N. S. S., Miranda, R. M., Kokay, I. C., Reis, A. M., Franci, C. R., Grattan, D. R., & Szawka, R. E.
Affiliations: University of Otago (NZ)
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
ORCID: Aquino, Nayara S.S.
Miranda, Roberta M.
Reis, Adelina M.
Grattan, David R.
Szawka, Raphael E.
Venue: Endocrinology
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2014-03
Volume: 155
Issue: 3
Pages: 1010-1020
ISSN: 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
1945-7170
DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1889
OpenAlex: W2111299253
Cited by: 119
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 14.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: prolactin, kisspeptin neurons, arcuate nucleus, luteinizing hormone secretion, lactation, hyperprolactinemia, ovariectomy, estradiol, anteroventral periventricular nucleus, STAT5 phosphorylation, bromocriptine, prolactin receptor, female infertility, hypothalamic regulation of reproduction
MeSH terms: Animals, Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus, Bromocriptine, Estradiol, Female, Hyperprolactinemia, Immunohistochemistry, Luteinizing Hormone, Neurons, Phosphorylation, Prolactin, Radioimmunoassay, Sheep, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats, Wistar, STAT5 Transcription Factor, Rats, Kisspeptins

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Prolactin regulates kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus to suppress LH secretion in female rats

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