The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Estradiol, Progesterone, Immunomodulation, and COVID-19 Outcomes
Open accessAbstract
Severe outcomes and death from the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appear to be characterized by an exaggerated immune response with hypercytokinemia leading to inflammatory infiltration of the lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes is consistently lower in women than men worldwide, suggesting that female biological sex is instrumental in protection. This mini-review discusses the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions of high physiological concentrations of the steroids 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). We review how E2 and P4 favor a state of decreased innate immune inflammatory response while enhancing immune tolerance and antibody production. We discuss how the combination of E2 and P4 may improve the immune dysregulation that leads to the COVID-19 cytokine storm. It is intended to stimulate novel consideration of the biological forces that are protective in women compared to men, and to therapeutically harness these factors to mitigate COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
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Cites
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Sex differences in immune responses
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A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing
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Cited by
Karki, N., Verma, N., Trozzi, F., Tao, P., Kraka, E., & Zoltowski, B. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041573 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Klein, S. L., & Levin, E. R.
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2020-07-30
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 9
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W3046287740
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 67
- FWCI
- 6.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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