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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: Current Concepts in Etiology, Outcomes, and Management
Open accessAbstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of disease, extending from simple steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis with a significant risk for the development of cirrhosis. It is highly prevalent and is associated with significant adverse outcomes both through liver-specific morbidity and mortality but, perhaps more important, through adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. It is closely associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and both of these conditions drive progressive disease toward the more advanced stages. The mechanisms that govern hepatic lipid accumulation and the predisposition to inflammation and fibrosis are still not fully understood but reflect a complex interplay between metabolic target tissues including adipose and skeletal muscle, and immune and inflammatory cells. The ability to make an accurate assessment of disease stage (that relates to clinical outcome) can also be challenging. While liver biopsy is still regarded as the gold-standard investigative tool, there is an extensive literature on the search for novel noninvasive biomarkers and imaging modalities that aim to accurately reflect the stage of underlying disease. Finally, although no therapies are currently licensed for the treatment of NAFLD, there are interventions that appear to have proven efficacy in randomized controlled trials as well as an extensive emerging therapeutic landscape of new agents that target many of the fundamental pathophysiological processes that drive NAFLD. It is highly likely that over the next few years, new treatments with a specific license for the treatment of NAFLD will become available.
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“MASLD is a disease spectrum spanning from simple excess triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation within the hepatocytes (steatosis) to inflammation (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, MASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (3).”
From Diet and physical exercise as key players to tackle MASLD through improvement of insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Marjot, T., Moolla, A., Cobbold, J. F., Hodson, L., & Tomlinson, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Churchill Hospital (GB)
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tomlinson, Jeremy W
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2019-10-14
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 66-117
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- OpenAlex
- W2980992948
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 545
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation (FS/15/56/31645, FS/11/18/28633)
- Department of Health and Social Care
- University of Oxford
- Novo Nordisk
- Medical Research Council (MR/P011462/1)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/F/000PR10347)
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
- Keywords
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic steatosis, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, type 2 diabetes, obesity, hepatic lipid accumulation, liver inflammation, disease staging, non-invasive biomarkers, liver imaging, cardiovascular outcomes, metabolic outcomes, NAFLD therapy, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endocrinology, Humans, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Prognosis, Prevalence, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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