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The Timing of Normal Puberty and the Age Limits of Sexual Precocity: Variations around the World, Secular Trends, and Changes after Migration
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During the past decade, possible advancement in timing of puberty has been reported in the United States. In addition, early pubertal development and an increased incidence of sexual precocity have been noticed in children, primarily girls, migrating for foreign adoption in several Western European countries. These observations are raising the issues of current differences and secular trends in timing of puberty in relation to ethnic, geographical, and socioeconomic background. None of these factors provide an unequivocal explanation for the earlier onset of puberty seen in the United States. In the formerly deprived migrating children, refeeding and catch-up growth may prime maturation. However, precocious puberty is seen also in some nondeprived migrating children. Attention has been paid to the changing milieu after migration, and recently, the possible role of endocrine- disrupting chemicals from the environment has been considered. These observations urge further study of the onset of puberty as a possible sensitive and early marker of the interactions between environmental conditions and genetic susceptibility that can influence physiological and pathological processes.
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“Age of menarche varies between populations, ranging from 11.0 to 14.1 years, with the mean of 12.6 years, and this has decreased significantly over the last century.28”
From Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Boys' height velocity begins 1-2 years after girls, and, as a result, boys' growth in height occurs for a longer period than girls, and final adult height is usually achieved by 17 years of age.28,30”
From Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
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“In girls with late initiation of puberty, there can be a decrease in the interval between thelarche and menarche.6”
From Pubertal development and regulation (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
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“In countries across the globe, the age of puberty has continued to decline”
From Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development (2017) · cites this paper as Parent et al., 2003
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Metadata
- Authors
- Parent, A.-S., Teilmann, G., Juul, A., Skakkebaek, N. E., Toppari, J., & Bourguignon, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (G.T., A.J., N.E.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- University of Turku (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Bourguignon, Jean-Pierre
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2003-10-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 668-693
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- OpenAlex
- W2153589742
- Cited by
- 1,762
- References
- 277
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 162 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 7.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
- Keywords
- timing of puberty, precocious puberty, secular trends, migration, international adoption, catch-up growth, refeeding, ethnic differences, socioeconomic factors, endocrine disruptors, environmental factors, genetic susceptibility, pubertal development
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child, Climate, Developing Countries, Emigration and Immigration, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Puberty, Puberty, Precocious, Stress, Physiological, Photoperiod
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