Becoming a sexual being: The “elephant in the room” of adolescent brain development
Open accessAbstract
The onset of adolescence is a time of profound changes in motivation, cognition, behavior, and social relationships. Existing neurodevelopmental models have integrated our current understanding of adolescent brain development; however, there has been surprisingly little focus on the importance of adolescence as a sensitive period for romantic and sexual development. As young people enter adolescence, one of their primary tasks is to gain knowledge and experience that will allow them to take on the social roles of adults, including engaging in romantic and sexual relationships. By reviewing the relevant human and animal neurodevelopmental literature, this paper highlights how we should move beyond thinking of puberty as simply a set of somatic changes that are critical for physical reproductive maturation. Rather, puberty also involves a set of neurobiological changes that are critical for the social, emotional, and cognitive maturation necessary for reproductive success. The primary goal of this paper is to broaden the research base and dialogue about adolescent romantic and sexual development, in hopes of advancing understanding of sex and romance as important developmental dimensions of health and well-being in adolescence.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that adolescent brain development research has largely omitted normative romantic and sexual development, often treating sexuality mainly as risk behavior. It proposes that puberty opens a sensitive window for learning about love, attachment, and sexual relationships, shaped by hormones, social context, and translational opportunities.
Key findings
- The paper contends that neurodevelopmental models give limited attention to adolescence as a sensitive period for romantic and sexual development; when romance and sexuality appear, they tend to be framed as negative risk behavior rather than normative healthy development.
- It proposes that pubertal hormonal and neural changes prime young people to learn about romantic love, attachment, and sexual arousal, with testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, oxytocin, dopamine, and social context (parents, peers, media) all implicated.
- Human testosterone findings are mixed: higher testosterone modestly correlates with increased sexual fantasies in pubertal boys, but the effect disappears in models including spontaneous nocturnal ejaculations and age; cross-sectionally, higher testosterone is associated with sexual intercourse, while longitudinally individual testosterone changes are associated with sexual debut for girls but not boys, and for boys pubertal stage is more strongly associated with sexual debut than testosterone.
- Translational examples include extended adolescence, contraception, and childbearing/parenting; the paper notes global average age of sexual debut ranges from 16.5 to 24.5 years for males and 15.5 to 21.5 years for females, mean age at first birth ranges from 20.9 years in sub-Saharan Africa to 25 years in the US, and combined oral contraceptives have been found to suppress free and total testosterone by up to 50% in adult women.
Methods
- Design: conceptual/review paper that synthesizes animal and human literature and proposes a developmental framework; no primary empirical study is conducted.
- Data or sample: Not stated in the paper; no new sample, dataset, or participants are reported.
- Main analysis: narrative synthesis and hypothesis generation across developmental neuroscience, endocrinology, and behavioral research; no systematic review or meta-analysis is described.
Limitations
- The paper states that disentangling hormonal, motivational, and social change during puberty is highly challenging methodologically, and that research on early adolescents’ romantic and sexual relationships faces parent and human-subject review board concerns, requiring developmentally sensitive validated measures.
- The paper states that adolescents are less likely than adults to conform to firm categories of sexual orientation or gender identity, that establishing whether a relationship is “romantic” can be challenging, and that there is likely wide neural variability both between and within sexes.
- The paper states that no published data were found exploring effects of hormonal contraceptives on adolescent neural development, no imaging research was found specifically on sexual media, and neuroimaging has not successfully distinguished sexual desire from sexual arousal due to task limitations.
- Evident from the text: as a conceptual review, it does not provide new empirical data or a systematic search strategy, so its conclusions are proposals and hypotheses rather than tested findings.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 175 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Premisecitation
Puberty leads to the development of novel social behaviors and responses to newly emerging social contexts.
“More specifically, puberty leads to the development of novel social behaviors and responses to newly emerging social contexts (Brown et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brown et al., 2015 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Hormonal changes associated with puberty contribute to neural transitions that prime the brain to learn about romantic love, in order to facilitate mating, childbearing, and childcare.
“We propose that the hormonal changes associated with puberty contribute to neural transitions that prime the brain to learn about this new type of love, in order to facilitate mating, childbearing, and childcare.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Pubertal maturation, including the natural increase in social motivations such as interest in sexual and romantic behavior, is likely to represent a normative window of learning about the complex emotional and social cognitive processes involved in developing an identity as a sexual being.
“Therefore, pubertal maturation (and the natural increase in social motivations including interest in sexual and romantic behavior) is likely to represent a normative window of learning—not simply about the mechanical aspects of sexual behavior, but also about the complex emotional and social cognitive processes that are part of navigating the charged, high-intensity emotions involved in developing”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Because of the neural development occurring with puberty, a partner-specific response in early romantic relationships, when both the emotional and physical intimacies are novel, makes them particularly exciting, rewarding, and satisfying.
“Because of the neural development occurring with puberty, a partner-specific response in early romantic relationships, when both the emotional and physical intimacies are novel, makes them particularly exciting, rewarding, and satisfying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Hormonal increases are a cornerstone of the pubertal transition.
“Hormonal increases are a cornerstone of the pubertal transition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Premisecitation
The onset of puberty seems to re-orient greater attention and salience toward social and emotional information-processing streams, which are particularly relevant to interest in romantic relationships and sexual behavior.
“The onset of puberty seems to re-orient greater attention and salience toward social and emotional information-processing streams, which are particularly relevant to interest in romantic relationships and sexual behavior (Dahl, 2016, Nelson et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Collectively, changes in hormones and neurotransmitters create an ideal physiological climate for fostering young people's interest in learning about romantic love and sexual attraction.
“Collectively, these changes in hormones and neurotransmitters create an ideal physiological climate for fostering young people’s interest in learning about romantic love and sexual attraction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Increased testosterone has been associated with increased risk-taking on laboratory tasks among both boys and girls.
“In addition, increased testosterone has been associated with increased risk-taking on laboratory tasks among both boys and girls (Op de Macks et al., 2011, Peper and Dahl, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Op de Macks et al., 2011 source
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- cites Peper and Dahl, 2013
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- Interpretationnone given
Pubertal hormones might contribute to the increase in sensation-seeking that makes the high-intensity novel feelings more appealing.
“Additionally, pubertal hormones might contribute to the increase in sensation-seeking that makes the high-intensity novel feelings more appealing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Neuroimaging research has not successfully distinguished sexual desire-a cognitively-mediated motivation state to pursue sexual activity-from sexual arousal-a physiological state of sexual readiness.
“Due to limitations in developing tasks appropriate for the scanner, neuroimaging research has not successfully distinguished sexual desire—a cognitively-mediated motivation state to pursue sexual activity—from sexual arousal—a physiological state of sexual readiness (Diamond and Dickenson, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Diamond and Dickenson, 2012
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- Premisecitation
Testosterone has been associated with changes in social information processing, reward sensitivity, and sensation seeking during puberty.
“Testosterone has been associated with changes in social information processing, reward sensitivity, and sensation seeking during puberty.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
All adolescent brains are sensitized to reward learning.
“Despite sex differences in these trajectories, all adolescent brains are sensitized to reward learning (Galván, 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Galván, 2013 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
The balance between plasticity and stability in the unique peripubertal neural system creates a window of opportunity for learning and motivation relevant to romantic and sexual behavior.
“Given that the biological purpose of puberty is to achieve reproductive maturity, it makes sense that the balance between plasticity and stability in the unique peripubertal neural system would create a window of opportunity for learning and motivation relevant to romantic and sexual behavior.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Studies using a sexual risk framework have done little to expand our understanding of normative sexual development trajectories.
“Studies using a sexual risk framework have helped to identify some of the underlying neural correlates associated with health-harming sexual decision-making, but, unfortunately, these studies have done little to expand our understanding of normative sexual development trajectories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisenone given
One of the most important transitions occurring during puberty is the motivation and desire to engage in romantic love.
“One of the most important transitions occurring during puberty is the motivation and desire to engage in romantic love.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The co-release of dopamine and oxytocin associated with repeated interactions with a specific partner contributes to additional reward-driven learning about romantic behaviors.
“The co-release of dopamine and oxytocin associated with repeated interactions with a specific partner contributes to additional reward-driven learning about romantic behaviors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisenone given
It is not until after the onset of the pubertal transition that young people become interested in romantic love.
“Whereas infants learn early in life the value of stable attachment and parental love, it is not until after the onset of the pubertal transition that young people become interested in romantic love.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Many of the neural systems involved in romantic love and sex undergo significant structural, connectivity, and functional transformation during puberty.
“Although it has been established that many of the neural systems involved in romantic love and sex undergo significant structural, connectivity, and functional transformation during puberty, little is known about how this intersects with a normative romantic and sexual developmental trajectory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Dennison et al., 2013 source
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- cites Giedd and Denker, 2015
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- Premisecitation
Testosterone has also been described as a social hormone, motivating status-seeking and status-maintenance behaviors through a number of diverse mechanisms, including changes in fear processing, stress response, threat vigilance, and reward from increasing social status.
“Often thought of in relation to aggression, testosterone has also been described as a social hormone, motivating status-seeking and status-maintenance behaviors through a number of diverse mechanisms, including changes in fear processing, stress response, threat vigilance, and reward from increasing social status (Eisenegger and Naef, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Eisenegger and Naef, 2011
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- Interpretationreasoning
Beginning with puberty, the developmental transitions in brain networks involved in motivation, reward, and social-emotional processing likely create a unique inflection point for romantic love and sexual arousal to be experienced as positive rewards.
“Beginning with puberty, the developmental transitions in brain networks involved in motivation, reward, and social-emotional processing likely create a unique inflection point for romantic love and sexual arousal to be experienced as positive rewards.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The same hormones that contribute to the development of the secondary sex characteristics also play a critical role in reorganizing neural circuitry.
“The same hormones that contribute to the developmental of the secondary sex characteristics also play a critical role in reorganizing neural circuitry (Schulz and Sisk, 2016, Sisk, 2016, Sisk and Zehr, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Pubertal increases in testosterone have been associated with changes in neural activation to threat cues in the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens.
“Pubertal increases in testosterone have been associated with changes in neural activation to threat cues in the amygdala (associated with threat avoidance) and the nucleus accumbens (associated with reward processing) (Spielberg et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Spielberg et al., 2014 source
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- Premisecitation
When romance and sexuality are considered in developmental models, they tend to emphasize sexual development as negative risk behavior.
“In the few cases when romance and sexuality are considered in these developmental models, they tend to emphasize sexual development as negative risk behavior (i.e., a risk-framework of sexual behavior) (Ewing et al., 2014, Goldenberg et al., 2013, James et al., 2012, Victor and Hariri, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Many of the individual differences in when youth engage in romantic relationships are aligned with pubertal timing.
“Many of the individual differences in when youth engage in romantic relationships are aligned with pubertal timing”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Collins, 2003 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
These findings highlight the difficulty of disentangling the biologically-mediated effects of gonadal hormones from the socially-mediated effects of bodily changes.
“These findings highlight the difficulty of disentangling the biologically-mediated effects of gonadal hormones from the socially-mediated effects of bodily changes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Shifts in social experience and context are critical influencers of learning about sexual behavior.
“Because the effects of gonadal hormones are specific to stimulating sexual motivation, this line of research suggests that shifts in social experience and context are critical influencers of learning about sexual behavior (Wallen, 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wallen, 2001 source
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- Interpretationcitation
Secondary sex characteristics may contribute more substantially to a boy's chances of experiencing sexual intercourse than reproductive capacity or the neurodevelopmental changes in motivation associated with testosterone per se.
“These secondary sex characteristics, which are readily apparent and may be seen as attractive or desirable by potential sex partners, may contribute more substantially to a boy’s chances of experiencing sexual intercourse than reproductive capacity or the neurodevelopmental changes in motivation associated with testosterone per se (Halpern et al., 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Halpern et al., 1993 source
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- Premisecitation
Exposing pre-pubertal girls to increased estrogen results in increased kissing and necking behavior.
“In addition, exposing pre-pubertal girls to increased estrogen results in increased kissing and necking behavior”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Finkelstein et al., 1998
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- Premisecitation
Even males who have not experienced endocrine puberty increase their sexual behavior following successful sexual experiences.
“Even males who have not experienced endocrine puberty increase their sexual behavior following successful sexual experiences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wallen, 2001 source
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- Premisecitation
Social and cultural factors play a critical role in framing the sexuality of youth.
“yet social and cultural factors also play a critical role in framing the sexuality of youth”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Collins, 2003 source
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- Premisecitation
Among girls, estradiol has the strongest correlation to breast development, a very early sign of puberty.
“Compared to other hormones, among girls, estradiol has the strongest correlation to breast development, a very early sign of puberty”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Drife, 1986 source
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- Interpretationcitation
The association between testosterone and sexual behavior may depend heavily on developmental stage, as well as on relationship context.
“Both these data suggest that the association between testosterone and sexual behavior may depend heavily on developmental stage, as well as on relationship context.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Testosterone-related processes likely influence changes in romantic and sexual behavior during adolescence.
“These testosterone-related processes all likely influence changes in romantic and sexual behavior during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The experience of successful coupling-ejaculating during intercourse with a female-is the best predictor of future sexual behavior independent of elevated testosterone.
“Although undergoing endocrine puberty and the associated increase in testosterone results in increased sexual behavior, the experience of successful coupling—ejaculating during intercourse with a female—is the best predictor of future sexual behavior independent of elevated testosterone (Wallen, 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wallen, 2001 source
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- Premisecitation
Unlike the pre-pubertal brain, the post-pubertal brain is primed for steroid hormones to activate reproductive behavior.
“Unlike the pre-pubertal brain, the post-pubertal brain is primed for steroid hormones to activate reproductive behavior (Sisk and Zehr, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sisk and Zehr, 2005 source
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- Premisecitation
In cross-sectional studies, independent of pubertal stage and age, girls and boys with higher levels of testosterone are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse.
“In cross-sectional studies, independent of pubertal stage and age, girls and boys with higher levels of testosterone are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse (Halpern et al., 1997, Halpern et al., 1998).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Increases in estradiol and progesterone contribute to remodeling and activation of neural circuitry for both males and females during puberty.
“In addition to testosterone, increases in estradiol and progesterone contribute to remodeling and activation of neural circuitry for both males and females during puberty.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisereasoning
In humans, whether or not increases in testosterone during puberty directly affect individual differences in sexual motivations and behavior is less clear.
“In humans, whether or not increases in testosterone during puberty directly affect individual differences in sexual motivations and behavior is less clear.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Limited research has explored the relationship between female hormones in pubertal brain development, sexual behavior, and risk-taking.
“Limited research has explored the relationship between female hormones in pubertal brain development, sexual behavior, and risk-taking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
For boys, pubertal stage is more strongly associated with sexual debut than testosterone.
“For boys, pubertal stage is more strongly associated with sexual debut than testosterone (Halpern et al., 1993).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Halpern et al., 1993 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Pubertal girls are socially perceived as sexually attractive and desirable before they are reproductively mature or experiencing the neurodevelopmental changes in motivation associated with testosterone.
“This results in pubertal girls being socially perceived as sexually attractive and desirable before they are reproductively mature or experiencing the neurodevelopmental changes in motivation associated with testosterone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Human girls develop secondary sex characteristics well before achieving full reproductive capacity, in contrast to boys and all other primates who begin producing gametes before looking sexually mature.
- Premisecitation
Animal models suggest that the behavioral response to gonadal hormones differs between pre- and post-pubertal animals.
“Consistent with the idea that adolescence is a sensitive period for the behavioral effects of gonadal hormones, animal models suggest that the behavioral response to gonadal hormones differs between pre- and post-pubertal animals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sisk and Zehr, 2005 source
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- Premisecitation
The nucleus accumbens and amygdala have large populations of testosterone receptors.
“The nucleus accumbens and amygdala, which are social information-processing brain networks that are extensively reorganized during puberty, have large populations of testosterone receptors (Nelson et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nelson et al., 2005 source
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- Premisecitation
Both estradiol and progesterone play important roles in sexual, social, and risk-taking behavior.
“Both estradiol and progesterone have been found to play important roles in sexual, social, and risk-taking behavior”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
The majority of neurodevelopmental studies in humans have identified testosterone, rather than estradiol, as the hormone most correlated with striatal activity related to risk-taking and social motivation in females.
“The majority of neurodevelopmental studies in humans have identified testosterone, rather than estradiol, as the hormone most correlated with striatal activity related to risk-taking and social motivation in females”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In nonhuman primates, gonadal hormones primarily influence sexual motivation, rather than ability to copulate.
“Furthermore, research in nonhuman primates has identified that, distinct from most mammalian species, gonadal hormones in primates primarily influence sexual motivation, rather than ability to copulate (Wallen, 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wallen, 2001 source
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- Premisecitation
Limited functional neuroimaging research has associated estrogen with risk taking in adolescent girls.
“Limited functional neuroimaging research has associated estrogen with risk taking in adolescent girls”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vermeersch et al., 2008 source
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- Premisecitation
Increasing testosterone in pre-pubertal boys seems to be associated with increased sexual behavior, including touching others and nocturnal emissions.
“Increasing testosterone in pre-pubertal boys seems to be associated with increased sexual behavior, including touching others and nocturnal emissions (Finkelstein et al., 1998).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Finkelstein et al., 1998
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- Premisecitation
Sexual activity is strongly peer-mediated.
“sexual activity is strongly peer-mediated”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ali and Dwyer, 2011
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- cites Furman et al., 2007
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- cites Santor et al., 2000 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
The extent to which the effects of testosterone are truly driven by changes in social experience, versus driven by changes in motivation, is ambiguous.
“Therefore, the extent to which the effects of testosterone are truly driven by changes in social experience, versus driven by changes in motivation, is ambiguous.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Youth who report having positive relationships and open communication with their parents have increased condom use.
“increased condom use (Parkes et al., 2011)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Parkes et al., 2011 source
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- Premisecitation
Youth who report having positive relationships and open communication with their parents have later sexual debut.
“later sexual debut (Price and Hyde, 2008)”
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- Premisecitation
Youth who report having positive relationships and open communication with their parents have fewer sexual partners.
“fewer sexual partners (Kan et al., 2010, Kerpelman et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Adolescents who perceive their parents to be caring have delayed first sex.
“adolescents who perceive their parents to be caring have delayed first sex”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Longmore et al., 2009 source
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- Premisecitation
Having sexually active platonic peers is associated with earlier first sexual intercourse.
“having sexually active platonic peers is associated with earlier first sexual intercourse”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ali and Dwyer, 2011
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- cites Furman et al., 2007
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- cites Santor et al., 2000 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Disentangling the different strands of hormonal, motivational, and social change during puberty is highly challenging methodologically.
“Disentangling the different strands of hormonal, motivational, and social change during puberty is highly challenging methodologically.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Attendance at religious services is known to be inversely associated with sensation seeking personality traits.
“attendance at religious services is known to be inversely associated with sensation seeking personality traits”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gaither and Sellbom, 2010
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- Premisecitation
Having sexually active platonic peers is associated with more frequent sexual activity.
“more frequent sexual activity”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ali and Dwyer, 2011
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- cites Furman et al., 2007
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- cites Santor et al., 2000 source
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- Premisecitation
Youth who report having positive relationships and open communication with their parents have fewer unintended teen pregnancies.
“fewer unintended teen pregnancies (Miller et al., 2001)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Miller et al., 2001 source
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- Premisecitation
In one study, the association between testosterone and experiencing first sexual intercourse was statistically mediated by less frequent attendance at religious services.
“in one study, the association between testosterone and experiencing first sexual intercourse was statistically mediated by less frequent attendance at religious services”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Halpern et al., 1997 source
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- Premisecitation
More positive relationships between mothers and early adolescents have been associated with decreased volumetric growth of the amygdala.
“Specifically, more positive relationships between mothers and early adolescents have been associated with decreased volumetric growth of the amygdala”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Whittle et al., 2014 source
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- Premisecitation
The presence of peers, or even the suggested presence of peers, increases activation of adolescents' neural reward circuitry, specifically the ventral striatum (VS), and risk-taking behavior in a way that does not occur for children or adults.
“Some research has demonstrated that the presence of peers, or even the suggested presence of peers, increases activation of adolescents’ neural reward circuitry, specifically the ventral striatum (VS), and risk-taking behavior in a way that does not occur for children or adults”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Chein et al., 2011 source
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- cites Telzer et al., 2014
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- Premisecitation
Youth who report having positive relationships and open communication with their parents have less sexual experience.
“Youth who report having positive relationships and open communication with their parents also have less sexual experience”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Parkes et al., 2011 source
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- cites Price and Hyde, 2008
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- Interpretationreasoning
The transitions occurring in social and affective neural processing systems are priming young people to be open to and enjoy the novel social experiences associated with romantic and sexual relationships.
“The transitions occurring in social and affective neural processing systems are priming young people to be open to and enjoy the novel social experiences associated with romantic and sexual relationships.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Some studies have found increased VS activation to be associated with increased risk taking on laboratory tasks in the presence of peers.
“Some studies have found increased VS activation to be associated with increased risk taking on laboratory tasks in the presence of peers”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chein et al., 2011 source
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- Premisecitation
Activation in the temporal parietal junction, an area of the brain involved in self-other metalizing, mediates the relationship between adolescents' increased risk taking and their ability to resist peer influence, specifically after experiencing social exclusion.
“Instead these studies have found activation in the temporal parietal junction, an area of the brain involved in self-other metalizing, to mediate the relationship between adolescents’ increased risk taking and their ability to resist peer influence, specifically after experiencing social exclusion”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Peake et al., 2013 source
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- Interpretationcitation
Maternal relationships may influence brain development trajectories associated with behavior regulation.
“These results suggest that maternal relationships may influence brain development trajectories associated with behavior regulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Other studies have not replicated the result that increased VS activation is associated with increased risk taking in the presence of peers.
“while other studies have not replicated this result”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Peake et al., 2013 source
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- Premisecitation
Peers have been demonstrated to influence adolescents' decisions about sexual behavior.
“Peers have also been demonstrated to influence adolescents’ decisions about sexual behavior”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Choukas-Bradley et al., 2014
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- cites Hampton et al., 2005
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- cites Suleiman and Deardorff, 2015
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- Premisecitation
The quality of maternal relationships in early adolescence has been associated with changes in the trajectory of brain maturation.
“The quality of maternal relationships in early adolescence has also been associated with changes in the trajectory of brain maturation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Whittle et al., 2014 source
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- Premisecitation
The decrease in age of onset of breast development has not been clearly associated with early increases in the sex hormones associated with puberty, including gonadotropins and estrogen.
“Interestingly, the decrease in age of onset of breast development has not been clearly associated with early increases in the sex hormones associated with puberty, including gonadotropins and estrogen”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sørensen et al., 2012 source
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- Premisecitation
Having sexually active platonic peers is associated with more sexual partners.
“and more sexual partners”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ali and Dwyer, 2011
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- cites Furman et al., 2007
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- cites Santor et al., 2000 source
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- Premisecitation
Over the course of the teen years, the majority of young people become sexually active.
“Over the course of the teen years, the majority of young people become sexually active.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wellings et al., 2006
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- Premisecitation
For girls, the decline in age of puberty has been measured primarily by decline in menarcheal age.
“For girls, this has been measured primarily by decline in menarcheal age.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mendle, 2014 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Given that some brain development trajectories are closely tied to changes in pubertal hormones, it is likely that neural developmental changes associated with puberty have also begun to trend earlier.
“Given that some brain development trajectories are closely tied to changes in pubertal hormones, it is likely (although an outstanding empirical question) that neural developmental changes associated with puberty have also begun to trend earlier.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Declines in the early physical sign of puberty for boys-primarily testicular growth-have been paralleled by secular shifts in hormones associated with puberty.
“In contrast, declines in the early physical sign of puberty for boys—primarily testicular growth— have been paralleled by secular shifts in hormones associated with puberty”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sørensen et al., 2012 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Today's youth face an especially protracted period between when they are physiologically capable of reproduction and when reproduction is socially and personally desirable.
“Today’s youth face an especially protracted period between when they are physiologically capable of reproduction and when reproduction is socially and personally desirable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Across species, adolescence is observed as a "time of preparation for adult reproductive life," spanning the period between achieving physical readiness to engage in sexual activity and having social permission to reproduce.
“across species, it is observed as a “time of preparation for adult reproductive life,” spanning the period between achieving physical readiness to engage in sexual activity and having social permission to reproduce”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schlegel, 1995
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In humans, the period of adolescence, characterized by increasing autonomy, but free of the full array adult responsibilities, is culturally universal.
“In humans, the length and experiences associated with adolescence can vary widely; nevertheless, the period, characterized by increasing autonomy, but free of the full array adult responsibilities, is culturally universal”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schlegel, 1995
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
There is a strong association between increased pornography exposure and less restrictive sexual attitudes.
“there is a strong association between increased pornography exposure and less restrictive sexual attitudes”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Peter and Valkenburg, 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Today, across the globe, the mean age of women at their first birth ranges from 20.9 years old in sub-Saharan Africa, to 25 years old in the US.
“Today, across the globe, the mean age of women at their first birth ranges from 20.9 years old in sub-Saharan Africa, to 25 years old in the US”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bongaarts and Blanc, 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Mathews and Hamilton, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Individual differences in neurodevelopment may shape exposure to sexual media.
“At the same time, individual differences in neurodevelopment may shape exposure to sexual media.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
More advanced pubertal young men with high sensation seeking tendencies are most likely to seek out online pornography intentionally.
“more advanced pubertal young men with high sensation seeking tendencies are most likely to seek out online pornography intentionally”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Peter and Valkenburg, 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
It is highly probable that sexual and romantic images, abundant in everything from general media to pornography, also likely affect neural development and behavior.
“it is highly probable that sexual and romantic images, abundant in everything from general media to pornography, also likely affect neural development and behavior”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
As menarche occurs rather late in the pubertal cascade, this metric may underestimate the extent of historical declines in the average age at pubertal onset.
“As menarche occurs rather late in the pubertal cascade, this metric may underestimate the extent of historical declines in the average age at pubertal onset.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In countries across the globe, the age of puberty has continued to decline.
“In countries across the globe, the age of puberty has continued to decline”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The age of marriage-highly correlated with socioeconomic and demographic variables-has increased for both men and women across the globe.
“the age of marriage—highly correlated with socioeconomic and demographic variables—has increased for both men and women across the globe”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Westoff, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
Little is known about the effect of sexual content on brain development.
“Despite this significant exposure to sexual content and messages throughout adolescence, little is known about the effect of sexual content on brain development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Across primate species, young adolescents engage in mating and sexual behavior but rarely produce offspring.
“Across primate species, young adolescents engage in mating and sexual behavior but rarely produce offspring”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schlegel, 1995
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
For both sexes, there is a clear declining trend in the age when humans are biologically capable of reproduction.
“For both sexes, there is a clear declining trend in the age when humans are biologically capable of reproduction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Many individuals now spend a decade or more of their lives feeling biologically, physiologically, and motivationally primed to engage in romantic and sexual relationships outside of the context of reproduction.
“many individuals now spend a decade or more of their lives feeling biologically, physiologically, and motivationally primed to engage in romantic and sexual relationships outside of the context of reproduction”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Media content has been found to impact neural functioning.
“More generally, media content has been found to impact neural functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Putting a developmental frame on this research about childbearing and parenting suggests that the pace of neural maturation from adolescence to adulthood is not entirely determined by a strict ontogenetic timetable but is rather shaped by the demands of an individual's social context.
“Putting a developmental frame on this research about childbearing and parenting suggests that the pace of neural maturation from adolescence to adulthood is not entirely determined by a strict ontogenetic timetable but is rather shaped by the demands of an individual’s social context.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In higher resourced countries such as the US and Europe, the overwhelming majority of young people have romantic and sexual relationships before they commit to a single partner.
“In higher resourced countries such as the US and Europe, the overwhelming majority of young people have romantic and sexual relationships before they commit to a single partner”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guttmacher Institute, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In countries where the span between puberty and childbearing has just begun to elongate, such as sub-Saharan Africa and South America, approximately 25-30% of adolescent girls engage in sex before coupling.
“in countries where the span between puberty and childbearing has just begun to elongate, such as sub-Saharan Africa and South America, approximately 25–30% of adolescent girls engage in sex before coupling”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guttmacher Institute and International Planned Parenthood Federation, 2010
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Rodent models illustrate that the voluntary, proactive, appetitive aspects of maternal behavior, including seeking out and retrieving pups, are highly linked to the effect of pregnancy hormones stimulating the development and activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system.
“Rodent models illustrate that the voluntary, proactive, appetitive aspects of maternal behavior, including seeking out and retrieving pups, are highly linked to the effect of pregnancy hormones stimulating the development and activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Numan and Stolzenberg, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Although primarily associated with rewards, the dopamine response systems are also important for learning about parenting.
“This highlights how although primarily associated with rewards, the dopamine response systems are also important for learning about parenting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The majority of relevant learning about romantic and sexual relationships comes from personal experience.
“Parents, clinicians, and educators can provide relevant learning opportunities in this area, but at the same time, the majority of relevant learning comes from personal experience (Fortenberry, 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fortenberry, 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
We have very little insight into the neural developmental impacts of early childbearing.
“Despite this knowledge on outcomes, we have very little insight into the neural developmental impacts of early childbearing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
There is clear consensus that very early childbearing, before age 15, has detrimental effects on the health, socioeconomic, educational and social outcomes of both mothers and infants.
“there is clear consensus that very early childbearing, before age 15, has detrimental effects on the health, socioeconomic, educational and social outcomes of both mothers and infants”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Brooks-Gunn and Furstenberg, 1986
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- cites Gibb et al., 2014 source
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- cites Hofferth and Reid, 2001
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- Premisecitation
Adolescents have the cognitive capacity to navigate early romantic and sexual experiences safely.
“Adolescents have the cognitive capacity to navigate early romantic and sexual experiences safely, and yet they need appropriate support to do so successfully (Harden et al., 2014a, Harden et al., 2014b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Harden et al., 2014a
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- cites Harden et al., 2014b
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- Premisecitation
Moses-Kolko and colleagues tested, but were unable to find, that motherhood affected ventral striatal response in expectation of a financial reward.
“Moses-Kolko and colleagues tested, but were unable to find, that motherhood affected ventral striatal response in expectation of a financial reward”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moses-Kolko et al., 2016 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Neural flexibility, defined as the extent to which cognitive control and social and affective motivation systems are engaged and activated under different circumstances, has been found to persist into the third decade of life.
“Neural flexibility, defined as the extent to which cognitive control and social and affective motivation systems are engaged and activated under different circumstances, has been found to persist into the third decade of life”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Crone and Dahl, 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Despite an array of other options and the promotion of LARCs, combined oral contraceptives (COCs), containing both estrogen and progestin, remain one of the most utilized contraceptive methods among young women.
“Despite an array of other options and the promotion of LARCs, combined oral contraceptives (COCs), containing both estrogen and progestin, remain one of the most utilized contraceptive methods among young women”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ott et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The increasing separation between the onset of reproductive maturity and first childbearing creates opportunities for both boys and girls to have an extended period when they have expanded autonomy and independence to pursue education and other life goals.
“In addition, the increasing separation between the onset of reproductive maturity and first childbearing creates opportunities for both boys and girls to have an extended period when they have expanded autonomy and independence to pursue education and other life goals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Adolescents are less likely than adults to conform to firm categories of sexual orientation or gender identity.
“To do this well will require careful attention, as adolescents are less likely than adults to conform to firm categories of sexual orientation or gender identity (Savin-Williams et al., 2012, van Anders, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 25
- May combine two claims. 50
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenDespite progress in developmental neuroscience of adolescence, there has been little focus on sexual and romantic development.
“Despite progress in developmental neuroscience of adolescence, there has been little focus on sexual and romantic development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA number of other hormones and neurotransmitters are activated or enhanced during puberty, and are involved in how people experience romantic love, including oxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine, serotonin, and cortisol.
“Beyond gonadal hormones, a number of other hormones and neurotransmitters are activated or enhanced during puberty, and are involved in how people experience romantic love, including oxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine, serotonin, and cortisol (De Boer et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites De Boer et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenPuberty offers a unique developmental inflection point when romantic love emerges.
“Puberty offers a unique developmental inflection point when romantic love emerges.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationYoung people's romantic relationships serve important developmental purposes and are the primary context for young people to explore their sexual identity and gain sexual experience.
“In fact, these relationships serve important developmental purposes, and are the primary context for young people to explore their sexual identity and gain sexual experience (Furman and Shaffer, 2003, Furman et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Furman and Shaffer, 2003
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- cites Furman et al., 2007
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoth romantic love and sex are goal-oriented motivations accompanied by strong emotional responses, by activating dopamine-rich, reward processing and motivational systems.
“By activating dopamine-rich, reward processing and motivational systems, both romantic love and sex are goal-oriented motivations accompanied by strong emotional responses (Aron et al., 2005, Fisher et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationRomantic love, both while someone is actively in love and after they have experienced rejection from a break-up, but not sexual arousal, involves ventral tegmental activation, whereas sexual arousal, but not love, involves ventral striatal activation.
“For example, romantic love, both while someone is actively in love and after they have experienced rejection from a break-up, but not sexual arousal, involves ventral tegmental activation (generally associated with pleasure, focused attention, and motivation to pursue rewards), whereas sexual arousal, but not love, involves ventral striatal activation (associated with motivation and predictive”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fisher et al., 2010 source
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- cites Diamond and Dickenson, 2012
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRomantic love involves increased activation in dopamine-rich subcortical regions associated with processing emotion, rewards, and motivation; in higher-order cortical brain regions associated with social cognition and self-representation; and decreased activation in the amygdala.
“Romantic love involves increased activation in dopamine-rich subcortical regions associated with processing emotion, rewards, and motivation; in the higher-order cortical brain regions associated with social cognition and self-representation; and decreased activation in the amygdala (Ortigue et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ortigue et al., 2010 source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdolescent brain development, beginning with the onset of puberty, may represent a unique combination of stability and plasticity, creating an important window of opportunity for learning and experience to shape developing neural networks in enduring ways.
“Recent research into the molecular processes and mechanisms of neuroplasticity has progressed rapidly and highlighted that adolescent brain development, beginning with the onset of puberty, may represent a unique combination of stability and plasticity. This combination creates an important window of opportunity for learning and experience to shape developing neural networks in enduring ways (H”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
PremisecitationAdolescence is an opportune time to explore the cognitions and emotions associated with romantic relationships.
“Given the developmental transitions that occur during adolescence related to emotional processing and cognitive control, it has been proposed that adolescence is an opportune time to explore the cognitions and emotions associated with romantic relationships (Collins, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Collins, 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThese learning processes begin with the pubertal physical and neurobiological transitions that influence motivation, yet are highly dependent on context and interpersonal relationships during this time.
“We further hypothesize that these learning processes begin with the pubertal physical and neurobiological transitions that influence motivation, yet are highly dependent on context and interpersonal relationships during this time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAs a result of hormonal changes, adolescents experience greater motivation to seek out rewards, enhanced experience of rewards, and increased motivation to engage in social relationships-including romantic and sexual behavior.
“As a result, adolescents experience greater motivation to seek out rewards, enhanced experience of rewards, and increased motivation to engage in social relationships—including romantic and sexual behavior (Crone and Dahl, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Crone and Dahl, 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe wide range of early romantic and sexual experiences likely shapes developing neural networks in enduring ways to support lifelong romantic and sexual trajectories.
“The wide range of early romantic and sexual experiences likely shapes developing neural networks in enduring ways to support lifelong romantic and sexual trajectories.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationPhysical maturation is accompanied by increased neural plasticity and a heightened motivation to seek out a range of highly arousing, slightly scary, highly rewarding, novel experiences, and increases in sensation seeking make adolescents more likely to find these high-intensity experiences, such as having a first crush or engaging in a first kiss, enjoyable.
“It therefore makes sense that physical maturation is accompanied by increased neural plasticity and a heightened motivation to seek out a range of highly arousing, slightly scary, highly rewarding, novel experiences, and that increases in sensation seeking make adolescents more likely to find these high-intensity experiences, such as having a first crush or engaging in a first kiss, enjoyable (Sp”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Spielberg et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenChanges in underlying neural circuitry associated with social and emotional processing may open a second developmental window, following the one in early childhood, for learning about love and attachment relationships.
“We propose that changes in underlying neural circuitry associated with social and emotional processing may open a second developmental window (following the one in early childhood) for learning about love and attachment relationships.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoth love and sexual desire are dopamenergically-mediated motivation states that can globally affect cognition.
“Both love and sexual desire are dopamenergically-mediated motivation states that can globally affect cognition (Diamond and Dickenson, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Diamond and Dickenson, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrimate studies suggest that estrogen and progesterone, rather than testosterone, are associated with changes in female sexual behavior, and that the relationship between hormones and behavior is dependent on social context.
“Primate studies, on the other hand, suggest that estrogen and progesterone, rather than testosterone, are associated with changes in female sexual behavior, and that the relationship between hormones and behavior is dependent on social context”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wallen, 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenFor boys, the physical capacity to produce gametes and reproduce occurs relatively early in the pubertal transition, although few boys engage in sexual behavior during that time.
“For boys, the physical capacity to produce gametes and reproduce occurs relatively early in the pubertal transition, although few boys engage in sexual behavior during that time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTests of this model in humans suggest that estradiol is associated with increases in sexual desire and progesterone is associated with declines.
“Tests of this model in humans, also suggest that estradiol is associated with increases in sexual desire and progesterone is associated with declines”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wallen, 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationStudies with young adult men have found that being in a committed romantic relationship is associated with more frequent sexual intercourse and simultaneous declines in testosterone.
“For example, studies with young adult men have found that being in a committed romantic relationship is associated with more frequent sexual intercourse and simultaneous declines in testosterone (Burnham et al., 2003, Gray and Campbell, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Burnham et al., 2003 source
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- cites Gray and Campbell, 2009
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong adult women, endogenous testosterone does not show significant correlations with sexual behavior, but exogenous testosterone treatment in women has been found to increase sexual desire, sexual activity, and sexual self-image.
“Among adult women, endogenous testosterone does not show significant correlations with sexual behavior (Roney and Simmons, 2013), but exogenous testosterone treatment in women has been found to increase sexual desire, sexual activity, and sexual self-image (Buster et al., 2005, Davis et al., 2006, Shifren et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigher testosterone modestly correlates with increased sexual fantasies in pubertal boys, but the effect disappears in models that include onset of spontaneous nocturnal ejaculations and age.
“Higher testosterone modestly correlates with increased sexual fantasies in pubertal boys, but the effect disappears in models that include onset of spontaneous nocturnal ejaculations and age (Campbell et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Campbell et al., 2005 source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn male Syrian hamsters, pubertal hormones influence the structure and function of neural circuits that integrate steroidal and sensory information, and these changing neural circuits alter the way males respond to social stimuli and engage in mating behaviors.
“For instance, in male Syrian hamsters, it is well-established how pubertal hormones influence the structure and function of neural circuits that integrate steroidal and sensory information, and how these changing neural circuits alter the way males respond to social stimuli and engage in mating behaviors (Romeo et al., 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Romeo et al., 2002 source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong pubertal girls, increased estradiol levels have been associated with increased white matter growth and decreased pubertal grey matter pruning.
“Among pubertal girls, increased estradiol levels have been associated with increased white matter growth and decreased pubertal grey matter pruning”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Herting et al., 2014 source
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May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDespite the fact that increases in testosterone are associated with increases in socially-motivated, goal-oriented behavior, they do not automatically translate into increased sexual behavior or activity.
“Thus, despite the fact that increases in testosterone are associated with increases in socially-motivated, goal-oriented behavior, they do not automatically translate into increased sexual behavior or activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThere may be some threshold effect for testosterone that leads to the possibility of engaging in sexual intercourse, but no linear relationship between testosterone and subsequent sexual experience.
“What we know about testosterone and sexual behavior collectively suggests that there may be some threshold effect for testosterone that leads to the possibility of engaging in sexual intercourse, but no linear relationship between testosterone and subsequent sexual experience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn longitudinal studies, individual changes in testosterone are associated with sexual debut for girls, but not for boys.
“In contrast, in longitudinal studies, individual changes in testosterone are associated with sexual debut (first sexual intercourse) for girls, but not for boys (Halpern et al., 1997).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Halpern et al., 1997 source
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May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationMothers serve to buffer stress for younger children, and as children follow the normal trajectory of development into adolescence, accompanied by declining fear and anxiety about novel people and situations and increased exploration, the physiological effect of parental presence shifts.
“This suggests that mothers serve to buffer stress for younger children, and as children follow the normal trajectory of development into adolescence, accompanied by declining fear and anxiety about novel people and situations and increased exploration, the physiological effect of parental presence shifts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe quality of parent-child relationships affects both sexual behavior and neural development and activation, specifically in the amygdala.
“The quality of parent-child relationships affects both sexual behavior and neural development and activation, specifically in the amygdala”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMaternal presence can buffer cortisol stress response in children, but it does not have the same buffering effect for adolescents.
“Research has also highlighted that maternal presence can buffer cortisol stress response in children, but it does not have the same buffering effect for adolescents”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hostinar et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoth platonic and romantic peers influence adolescent sexual behavior and adolescents' decisions to engage in romantic and sexual relationships.
“Both platonic and romantic peers influence adolescent sexual behavior and adolescents’ decisions to engage in romantic and sexual relationships”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPositive parent-adolescent relationships are associated with decreased intention to have sex and later age at first sexual intercourse.
“positive parent-adolescent relationships are associated with decreased intention to have sex and later age at first sexual intercourse”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van de Bongardt et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningCollectively, this research suggests that the affective and social context of peer presence may lead to differences in neural activation and to differences in behavior.
“Collectively, this research suggests that the affective and social context of peer presence may lead to differences in neural activation and to differences in behavior.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThis study points to the potential power of environment-behavior-development feedback loops and the importance of social institutions as adolescents are experiencing neurohormonal changes.
“This study points to the potential power of environment-behavior-development feedback loops and the importance of social institutions as adolescents are experiencing neurohormonal changes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSensation seeking personality traits have been linked in other work with differences in testosterone and estrogen levels.
“which have been linked in other work with differences in testosterone and estrogen levels”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationWhile positive maternal response remains constant, fear of, and anxiety towards strangers declines across development, facilitating more social exploration.
“These results suggest that, while positive maternal response remains constant, fear of, and anxiety towards strangers declines across development, facilitating more social exploration”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoth children and adolescents have high amygdala reactivity to their mothers' faces, but amygdala reactivity to the faces of strangers declines from childhood to adolescence.
“Both children and adolescents have high amygdala reactivity to their mothers’ faces, but amygdala reactivity to the faces of strangers declines from childhood to adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tottenham et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe amygdala has been associated with reward processing, emotional processing, and fear response.
“which has been associated with reward processing (Ernst et al., 2005), emotional processing (Whalen et al., 2013), and fear response (LeDoux, 2003)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningUnderstanding the relationship between increased VS activation and risk taking behavior is far from straight forward.
“understanding the relationship between increased VS activation and risk taking behavior is far from straight forward”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenWe are not aware of any imaging research that has been conducted specifically on sexual media.
“Although we are not aware of any imaging research that has been conducted specifically on sexual media”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOver 70% of television programing contains some type of sexual content or dialogue.
“Over 70% of television programing contains some type of sexual content or dialogue”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kunkel et al., 2005
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAt the same time that the age of reproductive capacity has declined, the age at which it is socially desirable for young people to bear children has continued to increase.
“At the same time that the age of reproductive capacity has declined, the age at which it is socially desirable for young people to bear children has continued to increase.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bearinger et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Bongaarts and Blanc, 2015
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- cites Mathews and Hamilton, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe period defined as adolescence continues to elongate across the globe.
“The period defined as adolescence continues to elongate across the globe”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationTraditional media and social media may also shape sexual behavior.
“In addition to social relationships “in real life,” traditional media and social media may also shape sexual behavior.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationParticularly in higher resourced countries, there has been a trend towards uncoupling marriage and childbearing, with more births occurring outside of legal marriages, fewer marriages as a result of premarital conception, and married couples waiting longer after marriage for childbearing.
“particularly in higher resourced countries, there has been a trend towards uncoupling marriage and childbearing, with more births occurring outside of legal marriages, fewer marriages as a result of premarital conception, and married couples waiting longer after marriage for childbearing”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites England et al., 2013 source
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- cites Hayford et al., 2014
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PremisecitationMass media has been identified as a "sexual super peer" having significant social influence, particularly for girls who experience puberty earlier than their peers.
“Mass media has been identified as a “sexual super peer” having significant social influence, particularly for girls who experience puberty earlier than their peers”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brown et al., 2005 source
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PremisecitationThe average age of the most common early physical sign of puberty among girls, breast budding, has declined more rapidly than age at menarche, and as a result, girls are spending longer amounts of time in the pubertal transition.
“The average age of the most common early physical sign of puberty among girls, breast budding, has declined more rapidly than age at menarche, and as a result, girls are spending longer amounts of time in the pubertal transition”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mendle, 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationGlobally, the average age of sexual debut ranges from 16.5 to 24.5 years old for males and from 15.5 to 21.5 years old for females.
“Globally, the average age of sexual debut ranges from 16.5 to 24.5 years old for males and from 15.5 to 21.5 years old for females”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wellings et al., 2006
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PremisecitationDepending on the context and population, between 23 and 95% of 10-19-year-olds report having ever viewed online pornography, and between 28 and 84% reported that the exposure was unwanted or unintentional.
“Depending on the context and population, between 23 and 95% of 10–19-year-olds report having ever viewed online pornography, and between 28 and 84% reported that the exposure was unwanted or unintentional”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Peter and Valkenburg, 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Wolak et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLimited exposure to violent media among adolescents has been found to affect the developmental trajectories of frontal inhibitory systems and subcortical limbic structures, as well as the connectivity between them, and may have some effect on violent behavior.
“limited exposure to violent media among adolescents has been found to affect the developmental trajectories of frontal inhibitory systems and subcortical limbic structures, as well as the connectivity between them, and may have some effect on violent behavior”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe recent global policy push to increase the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) among adolescents has promoted the use of some very effective non-hormonal methods, like hormone free IUDs, and has promoted increased use of IUDs, implants, and injectables containing progestin.
“The recent global policy push to increase the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) among adolescents has promoted the use of some very effective non-hormonal methods, like hormone free IUDs, and has promoted increased use of IUDs, implants, and injectables containing progestin”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ott et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe age at which young women in higher resourced countries first bear children has significantly increased over the past 40 years, and this trend is now beginning in many lower and mid-resourced countries as well.
“The age at which young women in higher resourced countries first bear children has significantly increased over the past 40 years, and this trend is now beginning in many lower and mid-resourced countries as well”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bearinger et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Bongaarts and Blanc, 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Mathews and Hamilton, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThe secular trends of early puberty and later childbearing provide great opportunities for young people to have a longer period for increased maturation, educational attainment, and stabilization prior to assuming the full scope of adult roles and responsibilities.
“The secular trends of early puberty and later childbearing provide great opportunities for young people to have a longer period for increased maturation, educational attainment, and stabilization prior to assuming the full scope of adult roles and responsibilities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCOCs, which are highly effective for preventing pregnancy when used correctly, have been found to significantly suppress both free and total testosterone levels by up to 50% in adult women.
“COCs, which are highly effective for preventing pregnancy when used correctly, have been found to significantly suppress both free and total testosterone levels by up to 50% in adult women”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zimmerman et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningAnimal neurodevelopmental models may offer important insights that can be later tested in humans.
“This is a place where animal neurodevelopmental models may offer important insights that can be later tested in humans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe lack of replicability points to the importance of developing ecologically valid paradigms to test hypothesis about the impact of pregnancy on brain development trajectories, as financial reward is distinctly different from the social and emotional reward associated with nurturing an infant.
“The lack of replicability points to the importance of developing ecologically valid paradigms to test hypothesis about the impact of pregnancy on brain development trajectories, as financial reward is distinctly different from the social and emotional reward associated with nurturing an infant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationLactation involves a rapid and severe drop-off in gonadal hormones and increase in prolactin.
“In contrast, lactation involves a rapid and severe drop-off in gonadal hormones and increase in prolactin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Russell et al., 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe increasing separation between the onset of reproductive maturity and first childbearing minimizes the need for early pair-bonding and instead fosters an opportunity for young people to explore romantic and sexual relationships with a number of different people.
“It also minimizes the need for early pair-bonding and instead fosters an opportunity for young people to explore romantic and sexual relationships with a number of different people.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlthough women on COCs have overall lower testosterone levels, additional research has suggested that the change in testosterone when women are engaged in a competitive tasks remains constant despite COC use.
“Although women on COCs have overall lower testosterone levels, additional research has suggested that the change in testosterone when women are engaged in a competitive tasks remains constant despite COC use”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Edwards and O'Neal, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningGiven that testosterone has been shown to motivate increased interest in arousing experiences, inhibiting testosterone levels during the peripubertal or adolescent period may diminish motivation to engage in a range of prosocial risk-taking behaviors that support positive developmental trajectories.
“Given that testosterone has been shown to motivate increased interest in arousing experiences, inhibiting testosterone levels during the peripubertal or adolescent period may diminish motivation to engage in a range of prosocial risk-taking behaviors that support positive developmental trajectories.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIntegrated developmental science, including developmental neuroscience, offers a pathway to expand our understanding of early romantic and sexual relationships and enhance our understanding of the types of mastery experiences that support positive trajectories.
“Integrated developmental science, including developmental neuroscience, offers a pathway to expand our understanding of early romantic and sexual relationships and enhance our understanding of the types of mastery experiences that support positive trajectories.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThis suppression of testosterone has been thought to be the underlying source of complaints associated with COCs, including diminished well-being and quality of life, reduced libido, cognitive disruptions, and decreased bone mass.
“This suppression of testosterone has been thought to be the underlying source of complaints associated with COCs, including diminished well-being and quality of life, reduced libido, cognitive disruptions, and decreased bone mass”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zimmerman et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningIn addition to the adverse effects reported by adult women, there are additional potential adverse effects of testosterone reduction during adolescence.
“In addition to the adverse effects reported by adult women, there are additional potential adverse effects of testosterone reduction during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThis relationship trend holds in some countries, but not in others.
“Interestingly, this relationship trend holds in some countries, but not in others”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gray and Campbell, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenTo date, we are not aware of any published data exploring the effects of disrupting normal hormonal trajectories on neural development during critical developmental windows.
“To date, we are not aware of any published data exploring these effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIt is also equally possible that inhibiting testosterone will not limit positive or negative risk taking, for although overall testosterone levels may be suppressed in young women taking COCs, their testosterone responses to stimuli may remain constant.
“It is also equally possible that inhibiting testosterone will not limit positive or negative risk taking, for although overall testosterone levels may be suppressed in young women taking COCs, their testosterone responses to stimuli may remain constant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the US, single adult men who are seeking romantic partners and paired men who are seeking relationships outside of their primary partners have higher testosterone levels compared to men in committed relationship and furthermore, men who are fathers, regardless of relationship status, have the lowest testosterone levels.
“In the US, single adult men who are seeking romantic partners and paired men who are seeking relationships outside of their primary partners have higher testosterone levels compared to men in committed relationship and furthermore, men who are fathers, regardless of relationship status, have the lowest testosterone levels”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gray and Campbell, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
PremisecitationAdolescents need appropriate support to navigate early romantic and sexual experiences successfully.
“Adolescents have the cognitive capacity to navigate early romantic and sexual experiences safely, and yet they need appropriate support to do so successfully (Harden et al., 2014a, Harden et al., 2014b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Harden et al., 2014a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Harden et al., 2014b
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenOur failure to better understand adolescents' high intensity romantic and sexual relationships does not prevent them from happening.
“Our failure to better understand adolescents’ high intensity romantic and sexual relationships does not prevent them from happening.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEarly romantic relationships have important implications for identity development, learning about sexual behavior, and future relationship trajectories.
“In addition, these early romantic relationships have important implications for identity development, learning about sexual behavior, and future relationship trajectories (Furman and Shaffer, 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Furman and Shaffer, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
A person's ability to engage in behaviors that facilitate intimate relationships and that create opportunities for sex and reproduction is the normative developmental outcome of puberty.
“A person’s ability to engage in behaviors that facilitate intimate relationships and that create opportunities for sex and reproduction is the normative developmental outcome of puberty.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The social elongation of adolescence has increasingly uncoupled sexual maturity from cultural definitions of adulthood.
“including how development is impacted by the social elongation of adolescence, which has increasingly uncoupled sexual maturity from cultural definitions of adulthood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human girls develop secondary sex characteristics well before achieving full reproductive capacity, in contrast to boys and all other primates who begin producing gametes before looking sexually mature.
“In contrast to boys (and all other primates) who begin producing gametes before looking sexual mature, human girls develop secondary sex characteristics well before achieving full reproductive capacity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The overwhelming majority of girls choose not to engage in sexual behavior during puberty.
“Although the overwhelming majority of girls choose not to engage in sexual behavior during puberty”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parents play a key role in providing support and information about romantic and sexual behavior.
“Parents play a key role in providing support and information about romantic and sexual behavior.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few resources exist to support parents into caring for adolescents and even fewer resources prepare them for the transition into young adulthood.
“Unfortunately, few resources exist to support parents into caring for adolescents and even fewer resources prepare them for the transition into young adulthood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Messages about sexuality and romantic relationships are persistent throughout the media.
“Messages about sexuality and romantic relationships are persistent throughout the media.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social acceptance of reproduction has been highly correlated with marriage, and the first child was often born within the first few years of marriage.
“Until recently, social acceptance of reproduction has been highly correlated with marriage, and the first child was often born within the first few years of marriage.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is also an increasing number of people who go through the biological transition of puberty but never engage in marriage or parenting, and yet still have fulfilling romantic and sexual lives.
“There is also an increasing number of people who go through the biological transition of puberty but never engage in marriage or parenting, and yet still have fulfilling romantic and sexual lives.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many young people engage in sexual intercourse before they want to parent, many young people choose contraception.
“In light of the fact that many young people engage in sexual intercourse before they want to parent, many young people choose contraception.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Although condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and some intrauterine devices (IUDs) offer non-hormonal contraception, the primary methods of contraception used by adolescents include hormones.
“Although condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and some intrauterine devices (IUDs) offer non-hormonal contraception, the primary methods of contraception used by adolescents include hormones.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For over 100 years, we have understood that pregnancy, childbearing, lactation, and parenting involve a precise sequence of hormonal transitions.
“For over 100 years, we have understood that pregnancy, childbearing, lactation, and parenting involve a precise sequence of hormonal transitions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pregnancy involves dramatic increases in human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogen, and progesterone.
“Pregnancy involves dramatic increases in human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogen, and progesterone.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Labor follows a continued increase in placental production of estrogen and progesterone coupled with increases in oxytocin, endorphins, and prolactin.
“Labor follows a continued increase in placental production of estrogen and progesterone coupled with increases in oxytocin, endorphins, and prolactin.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Up until very recently in human history, it is during this time that the majority of individuals engaged in mating, bonding, and parenting activities.
“Up until very recently in human history, it is during this time that the majority of individuals engaged in mating, bonding, and parenting activities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In addition to women, men also experience hormonal transitions associated with mating and parenting.
“In addition to women, men also experience hormonal transitions associated with mating and parenting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research, policy, and practice focused on adolescent sexual and romantic relationships are often driven more by social values and rhetoric than by science.
“Research, policy, and practice focused on adolescent sexual and romantic relationships are often driven more by social values and rhetoric than by science.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A primary goal for adolescents is to learn how to engage in and navigate romantic and sexual relationships.
“A primary goal for adolescents is to learn how to engage in and navigate romantic and sexual relationships.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents are primed to learn about love and sex.
“Adolescents are primed to learn about love and sex, and it would serve all of us to understand this learning process better.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Puberty marks the onset of romantic love.
“Similarly, given that puberty marks the onset of romantic love, neuroimaging research during this time could help us better untangle the distinct neural underpinnings of different types of love and expand our neurodevelopmental models.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Young people undergo a transition from relationships completely free of sexual and romantic attraction to a context where it is one of the highest priorities.
“Young people undergo a transition from relationships completely free of sexual and romantic attraction to a context where it is one of the highest priorities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The high-intensity love an adolescent feels for a friend may vacillate between being platonic, romantic, and sexual.
“As such, the high-intensity love an adolescent feels for a friend may vacillate between being platonic, romantic, and sexual, and we need measures that can accurately capture the dynamic nature of their peer relationships.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Even establishing whether a relationship is “romantic” can be challenging, particularly if adolescent partners disagree about how to categorize their relationship.
“Even establishing whether a relationship is “romantic” can be challenging, particularly if adolescent partners disagree about how to categorize their relationship.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is likely a wide range of neural variability both between and within sexes relevant to romantic and sexual behavior.
“We also recognize that given the complex relationship between biological sex, hormones, and neural development, there is likely a wide range of neural variability both between and within sexes relevant to romantic and sexual behavior.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parents and human subject review boards will likely have concerns about asking young people about their feelings of love, attraction and sexual arousal.
“Parents and human subject review boards will likely have concerns about asking young people about their feelings of love, attraction and sexual arousal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
We have limited research suggesting that the emotional experience of passionate love changes from adolescence into adulthood.
“We have limited research suggesting that the emotional experience of passionate love changes from adolescence into adulthood, and knowing more about the underlying neural mechanisms and developmental trajectories of this transition would help inform the timing and types of support and scaffolding needed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adult neuroimaging research has illuminated important distinctions in neural activation associated with different types of love.
“Adult neuroimaging research has illuminated important distinctions in neural activation associated with different types of love, and it would be helpful to understand how that aligns with the developmental trajectory of puberty.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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In girls, earlier pubertal timing and more rapid pubertal tempo relative to same-age, same-sex peers are associated with higher rates of depressive disorders, as well as substance use disorders, eating disorders, and antisocial behavior.
“For example, in girls, earlier pubertal timing and more rapid pubertal tempo (relative to same-age, same-sex peers) is associated with higher rates of depressive disorders in particular, as well as substance use disorders, eating disorders, and antisocial behavior.(30–32)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Suleiman, A. B., Galván, A., Harden, K. P., & Dahl, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Suleiman, Ahna Ballonoff
- Venue
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 25
- Pages
- 209-220
- ISSN
- 1878-9293 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6987766
- OpenAlex
- W2526824878
- Semantic Scholar
- c86b530fa8b67b1febea92d9827b19a0d11aebc6
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 0.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2020-10-01)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD042849)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Keywords
- adolescent brain development, sexual development, puberty, neurodevelopmental model, sexual maturation, social roles, reproductive success, youth welfare
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Animals, Brain, Female, Humans, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Maturation, Adolescent Development
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