Changes in Plasma Ghrelin Concentration Immediately after Gastrectomy in Patients with Early Gastric Cancer
Abstract
Although the majority of circulating ghrelin originates from the stomach, no prospective study of the proportion of ghrelin derived from the stomach has been reported. Patients with early gastric cancer who underwent gastric resection were divided into three groups according to the extent and site of gastric resection: subtotal gastrectomy group (n = 24), proximal gastrectomy group (n = 4), and total gastrectomy group (n = 12). Patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent gastrojejunostomy without gastrectomy served as the bypass group (n = 5). Blood samples were collected from all patients preoperatively, at 1 h after gastric resection or gastrojejunostomy, and on postoperative d 1, 3, and 7. The plasma ghrelin level was determined in all samples and expressed as a percentage of the preoperative level. In the bypass group, no significant drop in the ghrelin level was observed at 1 h after gastrojejunostomy, and the ghrelin level remained stable through postoperative d 7. In the subtotal gastrectomy group, the ghrelin concentration reached a nadir of 38.8 +/- 12.9% of preoperative levels at 1 h after gastric resection and then gradually increased to 88.1 +/- 13.2% by postoperative d 7. In the proximal gastrectomy group, the nadir ghrelin level was 24.5 +/- 15.4% at 1 h after gastric resection and was followed by a gradual recovery. However, the recovery rate was slower than that in the subtotal gastrectomy group, with the ghrelin level reaching only 47.6 +/- 18.8% by postoperative d 7 (P < 0.05). In the total gastrectomy group, the nadir ghrelin level was 28.6 +/- 11.1% at 1 h after gastric resection and remained at 30.0 +/- 13.2% until postoperative d 7. These results suggest that compensatory ghrelin production can occur in the remnant stomach after the surgical removal of part of the stomach and that the proximal fundus is more important than the distal antrum and body in terms of the capacity for ghrelin production. The principal site of ghrelin production is clearly the stomach, which contributes 70% of the circulating ghrelin concentration.
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The relative decrease in fasting ghrelin after RYGB is mostly a result of altered anatomy.
“In contrast, the relative decrease in fasting ghrelin after RYGB occurs as early as 2–6 weeks post-surgery as also reported by Morinigo et al (25) suggesting that the decrease in ghrelin is mostly a result of altered anatomy (26).”
From Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (2009) · cites this paper as [26]
The early decline in leptin levels after RYGB is unlikely to be due to bypassing the stomach.
“However, it is unlikely that the early decline in leptin levels after RYGB was due to bypassing the stomach since changes in circulating leptin concentrations have not been detected in the early postoperative period following gastrectomy (26).”
From Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (2009) · cites this paper as [26]
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“Its level was identified to decline sharply following gastrectomy.([30]) Ghrelin is now the only peripherallyderived hormone to increase appetite and food intake.”
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BackgroundThe Ghrelin Axis—Does It Have an Appetite for Cancer Progression?
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“16 and are reduced by at least 50p in subjects with previous gastrectomy”
BackgroundGhrelin – A Pleiotropic Hormone Secreted from Endocrine X/A-Like Cells of the Stomach
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“140 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility dicated by a pronounced decrease of circulating ghrelin levels after gastrectomy.(32) In addition, ghrelin is produced in the intestine,(2) pancreas(33) and other peripheral organs, namely kidney, liver, heart, testis, adipose tissue and skin,(34,35) although in much l…”
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“12 Similar to other studies we have shown that gastrectomy subjects have low plasma ghrelin levels”
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“This result suggested the compensatory production of ghrelin that occurred in the gastric fundus after the LGAE was more important than the other sites of ghrelin production [22].”
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Is there an effect of ghrelin/ghrelin analogs on cancer? A systematic review
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“Similarly, obese patients receiving laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery have low serum Ghrelin levels that cause an increase in bone resorption and reduction in bone mass [34–36].”
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Sullivan, A., Temperley, L., & Ruban, A. (2020) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06287-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Stimulates the release of growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol [19, 20].”
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“gested that persistent damage to the gastric mucosa, such as chronic atrophic gastritis or gastric surgery in gastric cancer or obese patients, may decrease the plasma ghrelin concentrations [7, 8].”
BackgroundHorizons in Nutritional Science
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“The principal site of ghrelin production is clearly the stomach, which contributes 70 % of the circulating ghrelin concentration (Jeon et al. 2004).”
Ghrelin and its therapeutic potential for cachectic patients
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“Gastric mucosa is the main site of ghrelin production, as after gastrectomy the ghrelin levels are reduced by[60 % [23].”
Stengel, A., & Taché, Y. (2011) · Current Protein and Peptide Science · doi:10.2174/138920311795906673 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The X/A-like cells are located in the gastric mucosa and represent the major source of circulating ghrelin [4] as indicated by the 75% decrease of plasma ghrelin occurring immediately after gastrectomy [5].”
BackgroundHuda, M. S. B., Durham, B. H., Wong, S., Dovey, T. M., McCulloch, P. G., Kerrigan, D. D., Pinkney, J. H., Fraser, W. D., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2007) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.05.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Subjects with previous gastrectomy are known to have a significant reduction in plasma ghrelin [9,10], and rodent studies indicate that preserving the ghrelin-producing region of the stomach prevents post-gastrectomy osteopenia [11].”
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Jeon, T. Y., Lee, S. Y., Kim, H. H., Kim, Y. J., Lee, J. G., Jeong, D. W., & Kim, Y. J. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.83 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Jeon et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of rikkunshito, a kampo medicine, on quality of life after proximal gastrectomy
Gunji, S., Ueda, S., Yoshida, M., Kanai, M., Terajima, H., & Takabayashi, A. (2013) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The plasma ghrelin concentration decreases immediately after gastrectomy and recovers gradually thereafter; however, recovery has been poor after both TG and PG [6], because ghrelin-secreting X/A-like cells are abundant in the gastric fundus [8].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe TANTALUS™ System for Obesity: Effect on Gastric Emptying of Solids and Ghrelin Plasma Levels
Sanmiguel, C. P., Haddad, W., Aviv, R., Cunneen, S. A., Phillips, E. H., Kapella, W., & Soffer, E. (2007) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-008-9430-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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“Gastrectomy for gastric cancer suppresses the ghrelin level, appetite, and food intake and thus decreases the body weight [23, 24].”
BackgroundThe role of proximal gastrectomy in gastric cancer
Hirata, Y., Kim, H., Grotz, T. E., Matsuda, S., Badgwell, B. D., & Ikoma, N. (2022) · Chinese Clinical Oncology · doi:10.21037/cco-22-82 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationGhrelin and gastrin in advanced gastric cancer before and after gastrectomy
Zub‐Pokrowiecka, A. (2011) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v17.i4.449 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gennari, L., Merlotti, D., Figura, N., Mingiano, C., Franci, M. B., Lucani, B., Picchioni, T., Alessandri, M., Campagna, M. S., Gonnelli, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.4162 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
High gastrin cell activity and low ghrelin cell activity in high-anxiety Wistar Kyoto rats
Kristensson, E., Sundqvist, M., Håkanson, R., & Lindström, E. (2007) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-07-0028 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“We measured plasma ghrelin, which reflects A-like cell activity (Ariyasu et al. 2001, Dornonville de la Cour et al. 2001, Jeon et al. 2004) and plasma gastrin, which reflects G-cell activity.”
MethodGelışgen, R., Zengin, K., Kocael, A., Baysal, B., Kocael, A., Erman, H., Taşkın, M., & Uzun, H. (2011) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-011-0498-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In contrast, the relative decrease in fasting ghrelin after RYGB occurs as early as 2–6 weeks post-surgery, as also reported by Morinigo et al. [37], suggesting that the decrease in ghrelin is mostly a result of altered anatomy [ 38 ].”
ResultPostoperative Weight Loss Does Not Resolve After Esophagectomy Despite Normal Serum Ghrelin Levels
Koizumi, M., Hosoya, Y., Dezaki, K., Yada, T., Hosoda, H., Kangawa, K., Nagai, H., Lefor, A. K., Sata, N., & Yasuda, Y. (2011) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.11.072 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kamiji, M. M., Troncon, L. E. A., Antunes‐Rodrigues, J., Elias, L. L. K., de Castro, M., & de Oliveira, R. B. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.88 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“This is in agreement with earlier reports (Jeon et al., 2004; Takachi et al., 2006), and consistent with the established notion that the stomach is the main site for ghrelin production (Ariyasu et al.”
ResultGhrelin and its role in gastrointestinal tract tumors (Review)
Spiridon, I. A., Ciobanu, D. G. A., Giuşcă, S. E., & Căruntu, I.-D. (2021) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2021.12302 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gastric Peptides and their Regulation of Hunger and Satiety
Stengel, A., & Taché, Y. (2012) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-012-0291-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The major source of circulating ghrelin is the stomach as indicated by a marked decrease of plasma ghrelin levels following gastrectomy [35].”
BackgroundSlade, E., Williams, L., & Gagnon, J. (2018) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13870 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Since H2S is produced in the stomach (the site of 70–80% of ghrelin production (Jeon et al. 2004)), and is already known to regulate other gastric hormones (Yang et al.”
BackgroundImprovement of Glucose Metabolism After a Pancreatoduodenectomy
Ohtsuka, T., Kitahara, K., Kohya, N., Miyoshi, A., & Miyazaki, K. (2009) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181a7c916 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Yamaguchi et al demonstrated that either new onset or deterioration of diabetes was observed in patients who had undergone a Billroth IYtype reconstruction, a pancreatogastrostomy, and a total tube drainage of the pancreatic reconstruction or those with a pancreatic fistula based on the analysis of 1066 Japanese patie…”
MethodThe effects of rikkunshito on body weight loss after esophagectomy
Nakamura, M., Nakamori, M., Ojima, T., Katsuda, M., Hayata, K., Iwahashi, M., & Yamaue, H. (2016) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2016.04.004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Koizumi, M., Hosoya, Y., Dezaki, K., Yada, T., Hosoda, H., Kangawa, K., Nagai, H., Lefor, A. K., Sata, N., & Yasuda, Y. (2014) · Surgery Today · doi:10.1007/s00595-014-0873-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ghrelin in gastrointestinal disease
Jeffery, P. L., McDonald, V., Tippett, E., & McGuckin, M. A. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.03.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Remission of type 2 diabetes after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: diabetes prediction score
Kwon, Y., Kwon, J., Ha, J., Kim, D., Cho, J., Jeon, S. M., Park, S., Hwang, J., Kim, N. H., & Park, S. S. (2021) · Gastric Cancer · doi:10.1007/s10120-021-01216-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain peptides and the modulation of postoperative gastric ileus
Stengel, A., & Taché, Y. (2014) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2014.06.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Signals Arising from the Gastrointestinal Tract that Affect Food Intake
Purhonen, A. (2008) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sasaki, K., Asaoka, T., Eguchi, H., Fukuda, Y., Iwagami, Y., Yamada, D., Miyazaki, Y., Noda, T., Takahashi, T., Gotoh, K., et al. (2017) · Pancreatology · doi:10.1016/j.pan.2017.12.002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Natural and Synthetic Growth Hormone Secretagogues
Broglio, F., Arvat, E., Gottero, C., Benso, A. S., Prodam, F., Destefanis, S., Aimaretti, G., Papotti, M., Muccioli, G., Deghenghi, R., et al. (2003) · Treatments in Endocrinology · doi:10.2165/00024677-200302030-00002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Serum Obestatin/Ghrelin Ratio Is Altered in Patients after Distal Gastrectomy
Kim, S., Lee, J. H., Heo, J. S., Kwak, M. J., Kim, S. J., Sohn, Y. B., Kim, S. E., Song, S. Y., Choe, Y. H., Baek, J. W., et al. (2009) · Digestive Surgery · doi:10.1159/000207507 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effect of DA-9701, a Novel Prokinetic Agent, on Post-operative Ileus in Rats
Lee, S. P., Lee, O. Y., Lee, K. N., Lee, H. L., Choi, H. S., Yoon, B. C., & Jun, D. W. (2016) · Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility · doi:10.5056/jnm16003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Surgery significantly reduced GIT (main effect of surgery: F [1, 25] = 18.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe effect of glutamate on ghrelin release in mice
Chacrabati, R., Zhi, G., Ikenoya, C., Kondo, D., Zigman, J. M., Sakai, T., & Sakata, I. (2017) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.10728 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The stomach is the major source of plasma ghrelin and approximately 70% of circulating ghrelin is produced by X/ A-like cells in the gastric mucosal layer (Jeon et al., 2004).”
BackgroundStomach - Key Player in the Regulation of Metabolism
Štimac, D., Majanović, S. K., & Franjić, N. (2014) · Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1159/000357849 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Li, Q., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Sun, H., & Jiang, Z. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3365 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Ghrelin-positive X/A-like cells distributed throughout the gastric oxyntic mucosa (2,3) are the main source of circulating ghrelin (43), as demonstrated by the sharp decline in ghrelin levels following gastrectomy (5).”
InfluentialA short-term dynamical model for ghrelin
Pires, J. G., Borri, A., Gaetano, A. D., Manes, C., & Palumbo, P. J. (2017) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.2480 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…rats reported in Ariyasu et al. (2001) showed that surgical elimination of the entire stomach (i.e., gastrectomy) decreases plasma ghrelin concentration by 60-80%; this result has been confirmed in humans undergoing gastric resection with a 70% reduction in circulating ghrelin, Jeon et al. (2004).”
BackgroundZ-505, an Oral Ghrelin Receptor Agonist, Attenuates Anorexia After Total Gastrectomy in Rats
Shiomi, Y., Yoshimura, M., Hori, Y., Ohira, Y., Nagahama, K., Ozaki, T., Takei, M., Tanaka, T., & Uno, T. (2019) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2019.09.035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Apelin, Orexin A and Ghrelin Levels in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Heinonen, M. V. (2009) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Production of Ghrelin by the Stomach of Patients with Gastric Cancer
Kizaki, J., Aoyagi, K., Sato, T., Kojima, M., & Shirouzu, K. (2014) · The Kurume Medical Journal · doi:10.2739/kurumemedj.ms63012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“[15] found that serum ghrelin levels fell after complete stomach resection to about 30% of preoperative levels and they did not find compensatory postoperative production.”
BackgroundInfluentialH. pylori effects on ghrelin axis: Preliminary change in gastric pathogenesis
Bahar, A., Mirmohammadkhani, M., Dabiri, R., Semnani, V., & Pakdel, A. (2021) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105262 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adjustment of gut hormones release pattern following a fixed mealtime change in human
Kim, H. H., Jeon, T. Y., Kim, Y. J., Lee, S. Y., Lee, J. G., Jeong, D. W., Yi, Y. H., Cho, Y. H., Choi, E. J., Nam, K.-J., et al. (2012) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2012.08.017 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationships Between Fasting Serum Amylase and Ghrelin or Peptide YY3-36 Levels in Healthy Men
Tak, Y. J., Yi, Y. H., Lee, S. Y., Kim, Y. J., Lee, J. G., & Cho, Y. H. (2015) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000000498 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, H. J., Tak, Y. J., Lee, S. Y., & Seo, J. P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031480 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Therefore, as in our previous study [12,40], we compared the difference in the percentage change from baseline of hormone concentrations between the two groups.”
MethodSelf-citationThe Role of Ghrelin in Eating Behavior
Covașă, M., & Swartz, T. D. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The comparison of post-proximal gastrectomy digestive tract reconstruction methods
Yang, X., Sheng, N., Wang, Z., & Zhu, Q. C. (2025) · BMC Surgery · doi:10.1186/s12893-024-02748-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“PG, in comparison with TG, offers advantages in treating proximal gastric cancer by preserving more gastric function and enhancing patients’ QOL [7–9].”
Harada, H., Goto, T., Yamashita, K., Minoura, H., Okuno, K., Fujita, S., Sakuraya, M., Higuchi, T., Kumagai, K., & Hiki, N. (2025) · Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery · doi:10.1002/ags3.70055 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Demiray, A. G. (2018) · International Journal of Cell Science & Molecular Biology · doi:10.19080/ijcsmb.2018.04.555648 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intestinal fat and eating behavior: role of the ileal brake
Maljaars, J. (2010) · doi:10.26481/dis.20101022jm · Cited by 1 · see citing works
GI Tract: General Anatomy (Cells)
Kontogeorgos, G. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.95878-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lee, S. Y. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16152422 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The stomach, especially the proximal fundus, is the main production area responsible for 70% of circulating ghrelin [6].”
Self-citationGhrelin in the hunger : the brain and the pain
Engen, K. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Ghrelin: Structural and Functional Properties
Holst, B., Egerod, K. L., & Schwartz, T. W. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9780470101001.hcn071
Steiger, A. (2014) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.16948
Gagnon, J. (2013) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
(2006) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000202323.44809.4f
Natural and Synthetic Growth Hormone Secretagogues
Motta, G., Allasia, S., Zavattaro, M., Ghigo, E., & Lanfranco, F. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.95972-5
Natural and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues
Berton, A. M., Cuboni, D., Ghigo, E., & Gasco, V. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13825-6.00237-5
Choi, J., Park, S. S., & Kwon, Y. (2025) · Gastric Cancer · doi:10.1007/s10120-025-01673-z
Oral and post-oral factors controlling energy balance in GF rodents
Swartz, T. D., & Covașă, M. (2012) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
- Authors
- Jeon, T. Y., Lee, S., Kim, H. H., Kim, Y. J., Son, H. C., Kim, D. H., & Sim, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Pusan National University Hospital (KR)
- Pusan National University (KR)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 5392-5396
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W1998259557
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Gastric Cancer Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- ghrelin, plasma ghrelin concentration, gastrectomy, early gastric cancer, subtotal gastrectomy, proximal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, gastrojejunostomy, remnant stomach, gastric resection, postoperative recovery, postoperative complications
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Gastrectomy, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stomach Neoplasms, Human Growth Hormone, Leptin, Peptide Hormones, Ghrelin
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