The Effects of Exercise-Induced Weight Loss on Appetite-Related Peptides and Motivation to Eat
Abstract
CONTEXT: The magnitude of exercise-induced weight loss depends on the extent of compensatory responses. An increase in energy intake is likely to result from changes in the appetite control system toward an orexigenic environment; however, few studies have measured how exercise impacts on both orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of medium-term exercise on fasting/postprandial levels of appetite-related hormones and subjective appetite sensations in overweight/obese individuals. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a longitudinal study in a university research center. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: Twenty-two sedentary overweight/obese individuals (age, 36.9 +/- 8.3 yr; body mass index, 31.3 +/- 3.3 kg/m(2)) took part in a 12-wk supervised exercise programme (five times per week, 75% maximal heart rate) and were requested not to change their food intake during the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured changes in body weight and fasting/postprandial plasma levels of glucose, insulin, total ghrelin, acylated ghrelin (AG), peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and feelings of appetite. RESULTS: Exercise resulted in a significant reduction in body weight and fasting insulin and an increase in AG plasma levels and fasting hunger sensations. A significant reduction in postprandial insulin plasma levels and a tendency toward an increase in the delayed release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (90-180 min) were also observed after exercise, as well as a significant increase (127%) in the suppression of AG postprandially. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise-induced weight loss is associated with physiological and biopsychological changes toward an increased drive to eat in the fasting state. However, this seems to be balanced by an improved satiety response to a meal and improved sensitivity of the appetite control system.
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The increase in post-prandial satiety (measured by the satiety quotient) is shown by all people who perform the exercise.
“Interestingly the increase in post-prandial satiety - measured by the satiety quotient or SQ which is an index of the satiating capacity of the energy consumed [60] - is shown by all people who perform the exercise.”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [59]
The effect of exercise on fasting hunger is quite variable.
“However, the effect of exercise on fasting hunger is quite variable.”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [59]
During medium-term studies, exercise exerts a dual control of the expression of hunger.
“During medium term studies it has been shown that exercise exerts a dual control of the expression of hunger [58, 59].”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [59]
Exercise improves satiety by increasing the post-prandial sensitivity to ingested nutrients consumed in meals.
“However, in contrast, exercise improves satiety by increasing the post-prandial sensitivity to ingested nutrients consumed in meals.”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [59]
Exercise induces an increase in fasting (early morning) hunger.
“First there is an exercise-induced increase in fasting -or early morning - hunger.”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [59]
A 12-week exercise program increased fasting and daily hunger and increased immediate and delayed satiety quotients, a marker of satiety efficiency, independent of weight loss, and this was mediated by changes in appetite peptides.
“Accordingly, a 12-week exercise program increased fasting and daily hunger and increased immediate and delayed satiety quotients, a marker of satiety efficiency, independent of weight loss [99] and which was mediated by changes in appetite peptides [100].”
From Homeostatic and Circadian Control of Food Intake: Clinical Strategies to Prevent Overconsumption (2013) · cites this paper as [100]
A 12-week exercise intervention increased morning (fasting) acylated ghrelin levels with a concomitant increase in hunger during this time.
“Along these lines, a 12-week exercise intervention has been shown to increased morning (fasting) acylated ghrelin levels with a concomitant increase in hunger during this time [100].”
From Homeostatic and Circadian Control of Food Intake: Clinical Strategies to Prevent Overconsumption (2013) · cites this paper as [100]
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References 19 · Cited by 236
- Authors
- Martins, C., Kulseng, B., King, N. A., Holst, J. J., & Blundell, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Martins, C.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2010-04-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1609-1616
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2097729043
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
- Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
- European Commission
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Medical Research Council
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/B/05079)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- exercise-induced weight loss, appetite regulation, ghrelin, acylated ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin, hunger, satiety, overweight and obesity, supervised exercise programme
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anthropometry, Appetite, Appetite Regulation, Body Composition, Eating, Exercise Therapy, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Obesity, Physical Fitness, Anaerobic Threshold, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Peptide Hormones, Overweight, Young Adult
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