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Cited by 346Regulation of Appetite and ObesityNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise

Blundell, J. E., Gibbons, C., Caudwell, P., Finlayson, G., Hopkins, M.·2015·Obesity Reviews
DOI 10.1111/obr.12257
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Abstract

Summary: Exercise is widely regarded as one of the most valuable components of behaviour that can influence body weight and therefore help in the prevention and management of obesity. Indeed, long‐term controlled trials show a clear dose‐related effect of exercise on body weight. However, there is a suspicion, particularly fuelled by media reports, that exercise serves to increase hunger and drive up food intake thereby nullifying the energy expended through activity. Not everyone performing regular exercise will lose weight and several investigations have demonstrated a huge individual variability in the response to exercise regimes. What accounts for this heterogeneous response? First, exercise (or physical activity) through the expenditure of energy will influence the energy balance equation with the potential to generate an energy deficit. However, energy expenditure also influences the control of appetite (i.e. the physiological and psychological regulatory processes underpinning feeding) and energy intake. This dynamic interaction means that the prediction of a resultant shift in energy balance, and therefore weight change, will be complicated. In changing energy intake, exercise will impact on the biological mechanisms controlling appetite. It is becoming recognized that the major influences on the expression of appetite arise from fat‐free mass and fat mass, resting metabolic rate, gastric adjustment to ingested food, changes in episodic peptides including insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and Peptide YY, as well as tonic peptides such as leptin. Moreover, there is evidence that exercise will influence all of these components that, in turn, will influence the drive to eat through the modulation of hunger (a conscious sensation reflecting a mental urge to eat) and adjustments in postprandial satiety via an interaction with food composition. The specific actions of exercise on each physiological component will vary in strength from person to person (according to individual physiological characteristics) and with the intensity and duration of exercise. Therefore, individual responses to exercise will be highly variable and difficult to predict.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Exercise can produce a dose-dependent reduction in body weight and fat, but its effects on appetite and energy intake are dynamic, partial, and highly variable between individuals. The paper proposes that appetite control should be revised beyond an adipocentric model to include fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate, with exercise acting on both tonic and episodic appetite signals.

Key findings

  • Long-term controlled trials show a clear dose-related effect of exercise on body weight, and a Cochrane Review concluded exercise has a positive effect on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in people with overweight and obesity, particularly when combined with diet.
  • In a 12-week supervised exercise programme in overweight and obese individuals, average weight loss was approximately 3.3 kg and average body fat reduction was also 3.3 kg, but individual weight change ranged from −14.7 kg to +1.7 kg despite total exercise-induced energy expenditure calculated at 28–29,000 kcal.
  • Compensatory increases in energy intake are partial and variable: graded exercise produced approximately 30% compensation for exercise energy expenditure, while 16 days of daily exercise showed between 0% and 60% compensation.
  • Fat-free mass was positively associated with daily energy intake and self-determined meal size, with no relationship to BMI or fat mass; resting metabolic rate was also associated with hunger, meal size, and daily energy intake. Exercise increased fasting hunger but improved post-prandial satiety in all exercisers, with the fasting-hunger effect being variable.

Methods

  • Narrative review and conceptual synthesis of classical energy-balance studies, controlled exercise trials, and a multi-level experimental platform in obese humans.
  • The multi-level platform examined relationships among body composition, resting metabolism, substrate oxidation, gastrointestinal peptides, appetite sensations, and objective measures of daily energy intake and meal sizes.
  • Daily energy intake was objectively measured because self-report or self-recall was considered insufficiently accurate for energy-balance assessment; the main analysis is conceptual rather than a new primary statistical analysis.

Limitations

  • The paper states that individual responses to exercise are highly variable and difficult to predict, and that current conceptual models of appetite control are transient representations that may be replaced.
  • No formal limitations section is present; as a narrative review, it relies on cited studies and does not report a systematic search, meta-analysis, or new primary data (evident from the text).
  • The text notes that self-report or self-recall of energy intake does not provide data of sufficient accuracy for energy-balance budgets, although the described experimental platform used objective measures (stated).

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/obr.12257

Cites

64 of 64 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 68 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    The relationships between fat-free mass and energy intake were independent of gender.

    “Moreover the relationships were independent of gender.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] 41. Blundell, J.E., et al., Body composition and appetite: fat-free mass (but not fat mass or BMI) is positively associated with self-determined meal size and daily energy intake in humans. British Journal of Nutrition, 2011. 107 (3): p. 445-49. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    These findings have demonstrated an association between the major components of daily energy expenditure and daily energy intake.

    “Consequently, these findings - that are broadly consistent with the early predictions of Edholm have demonstrated an association between the major components of daily EE and daily EI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    Resting metabolic rate was associated with the intensity of hunger objectively rated on hand held electronic data capture instruments.

    “In addition, RMR was associated with the intensity of hunger objectively rated on hand held electronic data capture instruments [44].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] 44. Gibbons, C., et al., Validation of a new hand-held electronic data capture method for continuous monitoring of subjective appetite sensations. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2011. 8 (1): p. 57-64. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation
    § Common perspectives · p. 6

    In many cases the degree of weight lost with exercise is somewhat less than that theoretically predicted on the basis of measured energy expenditure and its presumed relationship to tissue lost.

    “in many cases the degree of weight lost is somewhat less than that theoretically predicted on the basis of the measured EE and its presumed relationship to tissue lost [13, 14].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] 13. King, N.A., et al., Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss. International Journal of Obesity, 2008. 32 (1): p. 177-184. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [14] 14. Church, T.S., et al., Changes in weight, waist circumference and compensatory responses with different doses of exercise among sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women. PLoS One, 2009. 4 (2): p. e4515. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationreasoning
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 8

    The existence of world wide obesity suggests that body weight is not tightly regulated.

    “The existence of world wide obesity suggests that body weight is not tightly regulated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 30
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10

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    Findingcitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    There was no relationship with BMI nor with the amount of adipose tissue (fat mass) in a free-running situation (with participants not subject to coercive weight loss or dietary restriction).

    “There was no relationship with BMI nor with the amount of adipose tissue (FM) suggesting that, in a free-running situation (with participants not subject to coercive weight loss or dietary restriction), FM does not exert control over the amount of food selected in a meal, nor consumed over a whole day.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] 41. Blundell, J.E., et al., Body composition and appetite: fat-free mass (but not fat mass or BMI) is positively associated with self-determined meal size and daily energy intake in humans. British Journal of Nutrition, 2011. 107 (3): p. 445-49. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    In several cohorts of obese (men and women), a positive association was observed between fat-free mass and daily energy intake, and also with meal size.

    “Contrary to what many would have expected, a positive association was observed between FFM and daily EI, and also with meal size.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] 41. Blundell, J.E., et al., Body composition and appetite: fat-free mass (but not fat mass or BMI) is positively associated with self-determined meal size and daily energy intake in humans. British Journal of Nutrition, 2011. 107 (3): p. 445-49. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Findingcitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    The greater the amount of fat-free mass in a person, the greater was the daily energy consumed and the larger the individual meal size (in a self-determined objectively measured eating opportunity).

    “In other words, the greater the amount of FFM in a person, the greater was the daily energy consumed and the larger the individual meal size (in a selfdetermined objectively measured eating opportunity).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] 41. Blundell, J.E., et al., Body composition and appetite: fat-free mass (but not fat mass or BMI) is positively associated with self-determined meal size and daily energy intake in humans. British Journal of Nutrition, 2011. 107 (3): p. 445-49. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Findingcitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    Resting metabolic rate was a significant determinant of the size of a self-determined meal, and of daily energy consumed (when measured objectively and quantified).

    “When this was examined [43], it was demonstrated that RMR was a significant determinant of the size of a self determined meal, and of daily energy consumed (when measured objectively and quantified).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] 43. Caudwell, P., et al., Resting metabolic rate is associated with hunger, self-determined meal size, and daily energy intake and may represent a marker for appetite American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013. 97 (1): p. 7-14. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 8

    The case for the operation of energy homeostasis rests on the existence of body weight regulation and stability.

    “Crucially, the case for the operation of energy homeostasis rests on the existence of body weight regulation and stability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 8

    The argument for energy homeostasis is circular: to the question why is body weight stable, the answer is because of energy homeostasis; but to the question what is the evidence for energy homeostasis, the answer is the stability of body weight.

    “Moreover the argument is circular. To the question, why is body weight stable, the answer is because of energy homeostasis. But to the question, what is the evidence for energy homeostasis, the answer is the stability of body weight.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 8

    The role of culture in determining food selection is critical.

    “This means that the role of culture in determining food selection is critical.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The body is not well protected from the behavioural habit of overconsuming food; processes of satiety can be over-ridden to allow the development of a positive energy balance.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 8

    There is no compelling argument why the cause of weight regain in obese people who have slimmed down should necessarily be attributed to the force of a biological imperative, any more than a biological imperative was responsible for people getting fat in the first place.

    “there is no compelling argument why the cause of weight regain in obese people who have slimmed down should necessarily be attributed to the force of a biological imperative (although physiological processes certainly contribute), any more that a biological imperative was responsible for people getting fat in the first place”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: People who have lost weight continue to live in the same obesogenic environment that contributed to their original weight gain.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 8

    Regulation of body weight is asymmetrical: whilst the reduction in body weight is strongly defended, physiology does not resist an increase in fat mass.

    “An alternative view that has been discussed for decades is that regulation is asymmetrical [34]. Whilst the reduction in body weight is strongly defended, physiology does not resist an increase in fat mass [35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [34] 34. Blundell, J. and A. Hill, Analysis of hunger: inter-relationships with palatability, nutrient composition and eating. Recent Advances in Obesity Research, Libbey, London, 1985: p. 118-129.

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    • cites [35] 35. Lenard, N.R. and H.R. Berthoud, Central and peripheral regulation of food intake and physical activity: pathways and genes. Obesity, 2012. 16 (S3): p. S11-S22. source

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    Premisecitation
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 7

    This type of calculation which uses the 1 kg of fat for 8000 kcal rule has recently been shown by Hall and others to be simplistic and to produce implausible predictions.

    “This type of calculation which uses the 1 kg of fat for 8000 kcal rule has recently been shown by Hall [15] and others [16] to be simplistic and to produce implausible predictions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] 15. Hall, K.D., et al., Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. The Lancet, 2011. 378 (9793): p. 826-837. source

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    • cites [16] 16. Thomas, D., et al., Why do individuals not lose more weight from an exercise intervention at a defined dose? An energy balance analysis. Obesity Reviews, 2012. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 7

    A mismatch of just 1% (expending 27 kcal per day fewer than consumed) will yield a body fat increase of 1.1 kg after 1 year for a healthy adult weighing 75kg typically consuming approximately one million kcal each year.

    “for a healthy adult weighing 75kg typically consuming approximately one million kcal each year, then a mismatch of just 1% (expending 27 kcal per day fewer than consumed) will yield a body fat increase of 1.1 kg after 1 year”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] 31. Schwartz, M.W., An inconvenient truth about obesity. Molecular metabolism, 2012. 1 (1-2): p. 2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation
    § Common perspectives · p. 5

    For people starting an exercise programme, this leads to a negative energy balance and a remarkably consistent loss of body fat in relation to the net cost of exercise training.

    “for people starting an exercise programme, this leads to a negative energy balance and a remarkably consistent loss of body fat in relation to the net cost of exercise training”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] 11. Elder, S. and S. Roberts, The effects of exercise on food intake and body fatness: a summary of published studies. Nutrition reviews, 2007. 65 (1): p. 1-19. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    Fat-free mass can explain the gender effect; men (in general) eat more than women because they have greater amounts of fat-free mass.

    “On the contrary FFM can explain the gender effect; men (in general) eat more than women because they have greater amounts of FFM.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 7

    The relative stability of body weight in Sweden appears to be cultural rather than biological.

    “The relative stability of body weight in Sweden appears to be cultural rather than biological.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § The adipocentric model of appetite and energy homeostasis. · p. 7

    If you only measure humans who remain stable, then you will inevitably find stability.

    “Of course, if you only measure humans who remain stable, then you will inevitably find stability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 9

    All variables have been objectively measured and quantified.

    “An important feature of the approach is that all variables have been objectively measured and quantified.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Common perspectives · p. 5

    The popular media messages that exercise will not make you thin, exercise makes you fat, and why running makes you fat are false.

    “Importantly these messages portrayed in the popular media are false.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Common perspectives · p. 6

    Changes in weight alone do not reveal the mechanisms involved, nor do they identify the physiological processes that produce the changes in body weight.

    “Moreover the changes in weight alone do not reveal the mechanisms involved, nor do they identify the physiological processes that produce the changes in body weight.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § ABSTRACT · p. 3

    Not everyone performing regular exercise will lose weight, and several investigations have demonstrated a huge individual variability in the response to exercise regimes.

    “Not everyone performing regular exercise will lose weight, and several investigations have demonstrated a huge individual variability in the response to exercise regimes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 11

    In a comprehensive analysis by Lissner et al., there are clear positive associations of FFM and EI, and negative associations of FM and EI.

    “In addition, clear positive associations of FFM and EI, and negative associations of FM and EI, have been demonstrated - but overlooked - in a comprehensive analysis carried out by Lissner et al. [48] more than 25 years ago.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] 48. Lissner, L., et al., Body composition and energy intake: do overweight women overeat and underreport? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1989. 49 (2): p. 320-325. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 11

    As people overconsume, fat mass increases, and the consequential increase in leptin and insulin resistance weakens the inhibitory influence of fat mass on appetite, leading to dis-inhibition and over-consumption.

    “As people overconsume (due to cultural obesogenic influences), fat mass increases and the consequential increase in leptin and insulin resistance weaken the inhibitory influence of fat mass on appetite. This amounts to a 'dis-inhibition', so that accumulating fat mass fails to suppress food intake and permits more eating (over-consumption).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § ABSTRACT · p. 3

    The specific actions of exercise on each physiological component will vary in strength from person to person (according to individual physiological characteristics) and with the intensity and duration of exercise.

    “The specific actions of exercise on each physiological component will vary in strength from person to person (according to individual physiological characteristics) and with the intensity and duration of exercise.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 11

    Low insulin sensitivity reduces post-prandial satiety and weakens meal-to-meal appetite control.

    “Indeed there is good evidence that low insulin sensitivity reduces post-prandial satiety and weakens meal to meal appetite control [47].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] 47. Flint, A., et al., Associations between postprandial insulin and blood glucose responses, appetite sensations and energy intake in normal weight and overweight individuals: a metaanalysis of test meal studies. British Journal of Nutrition, 2007. 98 (1): p. 17-25. source

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    Premisecitation
    § Studies on the impact of exercise on energy intake · p. 12

    The weight lost is almost entirely adipose tissue, whereas the weight gain is reflected in lean mass (FFM), apparent in both men and women.

    “The weight lost is almost entirely adipose tissue, where as the weight gain is reflected in lean mass (FFM) which is apparent in both men and women [57].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] 57. Caudwell, P., et al., No Sex Difference in Body Fat in Response to Supervised and Measured Exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2013. 45 (2): p. 351-8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation
    § Studies on the impact of exercise on energy intake · p. 12

    In medium-term studies with mandatory daily exercise for 12 weeks in overweight and obese individuals, average weight loss was approximately 3.3 kg (average reduction in body fat also 3.3 kg), with weight change varying between -14.7 kg and +1.7 kg.

    “For medium term studies, in which mandatory exercise sessions were performed daily for 12 weeks in overweight and obese individuals [13], an average weight loss of approximately 3.3 kg was recorded (the average reduction in body fat was also 3.3kg) but with weight change varying between -14.7 kg and +1.7 kg.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] 13. King, N.A., et al., Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss. International Journal of Obesity, 2008. 32 (1): p. 177-184. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § ABSTRACT · p. 3

    Exercise will influence all of the components (fat-free mass, fat mass, resting metabolic rate, gastric adjustment, episodic peptides, tonic peptides) which, in turn, influence the drive to eat through modulation of hunger and adjustments in post-prandial satiety via an interaction with food composition.

    “Moreover there is evidence that exercise will influence all of these components which, in turn, influence the drive to eat through the modulation of hunger (a conscious sensation reflecting a mental urge to eat) and adjustments in post-prandial satiety via an interaction with food composition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    Fat-free mass is the primary determinant of resting metabolic rate, and resting metabolic rate is the largest component of total daily energy expenditure.

    “It is well established that FFM is the primary determinant of RMR, and that RMR is the largest component of total daily energy expenditure [42].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] 42. Ravussin, E., et al., Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man. Methods and results using a respiratory chamber. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1986. 78 (6): p. 1568-78. source

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    Interpretationcitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 11

    Under normal weight conditions, fat mass has an inhibitory influence on food intake, but the strength of this tonic inhibition is moderated by insulin and leptin sensitivity.

    “Our interpretation is that,under normal weight conditions, FM has an inhibitory influence on food intake but the strength of this tonic inhibition is moderated by insulin and leptin sensitivity [46].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] 46. Blundell, J.E., et al., Role of resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure in hunger and appetite control: a new formulation. Disease Models & Mechanisms, 2012. 5 (5): p. 608-613. source

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    Premisecitation
    § Studies on the impact of exercise on energy intake · p. 11

    In Levine et al., there was a wide range of individual responses; some participants showed a large increase in NEAT and gained little weight, whereas the opposite was true for others.

    “The most striking feature of the study however was the wide range of individual responses; some partcipants showed a large increase in NEAT and therefore gained little weight, whereas the opposite was true for others.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] 50. Levine, J.A., N.L. Eberhardt, and M.D. Jensen, Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science, 1999. 283 (5399): p. 212-214. source

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    Premisecitation
    § Studies on the impact of exercise on energy intake · p. 12

    The range of individual adjustments in body weight is robust and has been demonstrated in different types of participants followed over similar time periods.

    “This type of outcome is robust and has been demonstrated in different types of participants followed over similar time periods [14].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] 14. Church, T.S., et al., Changes in weight, waist circumference and compensatory responses with different doses of exercise among sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women. PLoS One, 2009. 4 (2): p. e4515. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    The major findings (association between energy expenditure and energy intake) have been replicated in completely independent large data sets that included participants from different ethnic groups showing a huge range of energy intakes and from participants of variable BMIs allowed to freely select their own diet under meticulously controlled semi-free living conditions.

    “Importantly the major findings have been replicated in completely independent large data sets that included participants from different ethnic groups showing a huge range of energy intakes [45], and from participants of variable BMIs allowed to freely select their own diet under meticulously controlled semi-free living conditions (Stubbs, Whybrow, and Horgan - personal communication).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [45] 45. Weise, C., et al., Body composition and energy expenditure predict ad-libitum food and macronutrient intake in humans. International Journal of Obesity, 2013. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.85 . source

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    • cites Stubbs, Whybrow, and Horgan - personal communication

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Updating the formula for appetite control: a proposed role for fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate · p. 10

    The associations between energy expenditure and energy intake are robust and are not restricted to a particular group of people measured in a specific geographical location.

    “These confirmatory reports suggest that the associations are robust and are not restricted to a particular group of people measured in a specific geographical location.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Studies on the impact of exercise on energy intake · p. 12

    Despite all participants completing the exercise sessions (total exercise-induced energy expenditure 28-29,000 kcal), there was a large variation in the change in body composition.

    “Therefore even though all participants completed the exercise sessions (with total exercise-induced EE calculated at 28 - 29,000 kcal), there was a large variation in the change in body composition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] 13. King, N.A., et al., Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss. International Journal of Obesity, 2008. 32 (1): p. 177-184. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exercise and the Appetite Control System · p. 13

    Exercise produces adjustments in blood flow, gastro-intestinal hormone response, gastric emptying, muscle cellular metabolism, adipose tissue biochemistry, and brain activity, and therefore inevitably interferes with several mechanisms involved in the episodic control of appetite.

    “Since exercise produces adjustments in blood flow, gastro-intestinal hormone response, gastric emptying, muscle cellular metabolism, adipose tissue biochemistry as well as brain activity, it will inevitably interfere with several of the mechanisms involved in the episodic control of appetite.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation
    § Studies on the impact of exercise on energy intake · p. 12

    In the Quebec feeding study on monozygotic twins, although members of the twin pairs were equally overfed, the variation in weight gained between pairs of twins was large, whereas the variation within any pair of twins was small.

    “Although members of the twin pairs were equally overfed, the variation in weight gained between pairs of twins was large (whereas the variation within any pair of twins was small).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] 51. Bouchard, C., et al., The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. New England Journal of Medicine, 1990. 322 (21): p. 1477-1482. source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Exercise and the Appetite Control System · p. 14

    An increase in FFM will increase the demand for energy and involve an increase in basal hunger.

    “An increase in FFM will increase the demand for energy (to meet increased energy requirements) and this will involve an increase in basal hunger.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Exercise and the Appetite Control System · p. 14

    Exercise will usually increase FFM and decrease FM.

    “Exercise will usually increase FFM and decrease FM.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] 63. Lee, M.-G., et al., Resting metabolic rate after endurance exercise training. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2009. 41 (7): p. 1444. source

      Not checked in the free run.

37 of 37

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The theoretical basis for a potential role of exercise in appetite control has never been formulated.

    “The theoretical basis for a potential role of exercise in appetite control has never been formulated.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Such a multi-level approach has not previously been undertaken.

    “Such a multi-level approach has not previously been undertaken (although it has not been hindered by lack of technology).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The phenomenon of dietary-induced obesity (DIO) in rats is real and shows that physiology can be overcome by a 'weight-inducing' nutritional environment, and that 'energy homeostasis' cannot prevent this.

    “The compelling phenomenon of dietary-induced obesity (DIO) in rats also suggests that physiology can be overcome by a 'weight-inducing' nutritional environment, and that 'energy homeostasis' cannot prevent this.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    People who have lost weight continue to live in the same obesogenic environment that contributed to their original weight gain.

    “People who have lost weight continue to live in the same obesogenic environment that contributed to their original weight gain.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The body is not well protected from the behavioural habit of overconsuming food; processes of satiety can be over-ridden to allow the development of a positive energy balance.

    “The body is not well protected from the behavioural habit of overconsuming food; processes of satiety can be over-ridden to allow the development of a positive energy balance.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    It was assumed the energy expended was closely related to the physical effort of the daily work.

    “It was assumed the energy expended was closely related to the physical effort of the daily work.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • The cited page is outside the reference's page range

    Minor

    The text attributes a quotation to page 109 of Woods and Ramsay (2011), but the cited reference lists pages 4-7.

  • Duplicate article is assigned conflicting publication details

    Minor

    References 41 and 49 give essentially the same article title and journal volume, but list different publication years and page ranges.

  • The jute-mill figure cites a rat-and-mouse study

    Minor

    The Figure 1 caption identifies reference 64 as the article on Bengal jute mill workers, but reference 64 is a study of rats and mice. Reference 3 is listed as the jute-mill study.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Borer KT, 2008, How effective is exercise in producing fat loss?, Kinesiology, 40, 127

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Blundell, J. E., Gibbons, C., Caudwell, P., Finlayson, G., & Hopkins, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Leeds (GB)
  • AstraZeneca (United Kingdom) (GB)
  • Sheffield Hallam University (GB)
Corresponding author
Blundell, J. E.
ORCID
Venue
Obesity Reviews
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-01-22
Volume
16
Issue
S1
Pages
67-76
ISSN
  • 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-789X
DOI
10.1111/obr.12257
OpenAlex
W1898733506
Semantic Scholar
2651f1de9ed435955519939f8dbeef4116d9eeca
Cited by
346
References
64
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 11
FWCI
3.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) (acceptedVersion)
Funders
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BBSRC (BBS/B/05079 and BB/G005524/1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords
appetite regulation, energy balance, physical activity, obesity, hunger, satiety, energy expenditure, fat-free mass, fat mass, resting metabolic rate, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, food composition, weight loss
MeSH terms
Appetite, Appetite Regulation, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Homeostasis, Humans, Obesity, Physical Fitness, Satiation, Exercise

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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