The long-term clinical follow-up and natural history of men with adult-onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Adult-onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (AHH) is a rare disorder characterized by an isolated failure of gonadotropin secretion occurring after an otherwise normal sexual maturation in men. This study aims to examine the etiology and long-term natural history of this disorder. DESIGN AND SETTING: Long-term follow up, including detailed clinical, biochemical, and genetic examinations, were performed and compared with those at diagnosis. PATIENTS: Patients included 10 men with AHH [serum testosterone (T) <125 ng/dl]. INTERVENTIONS: Overnight neuroendocrine studies, semen fluid analyses, and genetic screening were performed (KAL1, FGFR1, PROK2, PROKR2, NELF, TAC3, TACR3, and GNRH1) over a decade of longitudinal follow up. RESULTS: Follow-up evaluations were conducted 10.6 +/- 5.9 yr after initial studies and revealed that the clinical characteristics and seminal fluid analyses of AHH men (body mass index, 28.8 +/- 4.1 vs. 27.0 +/- 4.3 kg/m(2); testicular volume, 18 +/- 6 vs. 19 +/- 6 ml) do not change over a decade with no spontaneous reversals. Several men exhibited some variability in their endogenous GnRH-induced LH secretory patterns, including emergence of endogenous pulsatility in three individuals. However, all remained hypogonadal (T < or =130 ng/dl). A single heterozygous DNA sequence change in PROKR2 (V317L) was identified, although this rare sequence variant did not prove to be functionally abnormal in vitro. Seven days of pulsatile GnRH therapy in this subject nearly normalized his serum T, supporting that the site of the defect is hypothalamic and not pituitary. CONCLUSIONS: 1) AHH in men appears to be a long-lasting condition. 2) Although minor changes in the abnormal pattern of endogenous GnRH-induced LH secretion occurred in some AHH patients, all remained frankly hypogonadal.
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Men with adult-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism lack identifiable triggers, display apulsatile LH secretion, and do not recover.
“Indeed, men with adultonset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism lack identifiable triggers (i.e., exercise or weight loss), display apulstatile LH secretion, and do not recover (48).”
From Functional Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Men: Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and Natural History (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
The Abstract reports little evidence for functional triggers such as extreme exercise or malnutrition, and the Discussion reports no spontaneous recovery in the 10 men followed; it does not rule out eventual recovery in others. The Neuroendocrine studies section contradicts the blanket description of apulsatile LH secretion: five men had some pulsatile secretion at follow-up, while five were apulsatile. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Authors
- Dwyer, A. A., Hayes, F. J., Plummer, L., Pitteloud, N., & Crowley, W. F.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crowley, William F.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4235-4243
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC2936052
- OpenAlex
- W2016188587
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 8.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR001066, M01-RR01066)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD15788, R01HD015788, HD028138, R01HD056264, U54HD028138)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- natural history (disease), long-term follow-up, pulsatile LH secretion, pulsatile GnRH therapy, serum testosterone, semen analysis, testicular volume, KAL1, FGFR1, GnRH1, genetic screening
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Follow-Up Studies, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Humans, Hypogonadism, Luteinizing Hormone, Male, Middle Aged, Pedigree, Testis, Testosterone, Treatment Outcome, Age of Onset, Disease Progression
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