Abnormal development of the olfactory bulb and reproductive system in mice lacking prokineticin receptor PKR2
Open accessAbstract
Prokineticins, multifunctional secreted proteins, activate two endogenous G protein-coupled receptors PKR1 and PKR2. From in situ analysis of the mouse brain, we discovered that PKR2 is predominantly expressed in the olfactory bulb (OB). To examine the role of PKR2 in the OB, we created PKR1- and PKR2-gene-disrupted mice ( Pkr1 −/− and Pkr2 −/− , respectively). Phenotypic analysis indicated that not Pkr1 −/− but Pkr2 −/− mice exhibited hypoplasia of the OB. This abnormality was observed in the early developmental stages of fetal OB in the Pkr2 −/− mice. In addition, the Pkr2 −/− mice showed severe atrophy of the reproductive system, including the testis, ovary, uterus, vagina, and mammary gland. In the Pkr2 −/− mice, the plasma levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone were decreased, and the mRNA transcription levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary were also significantly reduced. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons were absent in the hypothalamus in the Pkr2 −/− mice. The phenotype of the Pkr2 −/− mice showed similarity to the clinical features of Kallmann syndrome, a human disease characterized by association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Our current findings demonstrated that physiological activation of PKR2 is essential for normal development of the OB and sexual maturation.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Prokr2−/− mice exhibit olfactory bulb hypoplasia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and a lack of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus.
“Similar to patients with PROKR2 mutations, Prokr2−/− mice exhibit olfactory bulb hypoplasia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and a lack of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus.”
From The genetic and molecular basis of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (2009) · cites this paper as [25]
Prok2−/− mice fail to enter puberty, have low gonadotropin levels, and have a significant decrease in hypothalamic GnRH neurons.
“Likewise, Prok2−/− mice fail to enter puberty, have low gonadotropin levels, and have a significant decrease in hypothalamic GnRH neurons.”
From The genetic and molecular basis of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (2009) · cites this paper as [25]
Cites
The <i>GPR54</i> Gene as a Regulator of Puberty
Seminara, S. B., Messager, S., Chatzidaki, E. E., Thresher, R. R., Acierno, J. S., Shagoury, J. K., Bo-Abbas, Y., Kuohung, W., Schwinof, K. M., Hendrick, A. G., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa035322 · Cited by 2,557 · see citing works
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54
de Roux, N., Genin, E., Carel, J.-C., Matsuda, F., Chaussain, J.-L., & Milgrom, E. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1834399100 · Cited by 2,431 · see citing works
Neonatal lethality and lymphopenia in mice with a homozygous disruption of the c-abl proto-oncogene
Tybulewicz, V. L. J., Crawford, C. E., Jackson, P. K., Bronson, R. T., & Mulligan, R. C. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90011-m · Cited by 1,281 · see citing works
Dynamics of gonadotropin-releasing hormone release during a pulse.
Moenter, S. M., Brand, R. M., MIDGLEY, A. R., & Karsch, F. J. (1992) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.130.1.1727719 · Cited by 1,257 · see citing works
Messager, S., Chatzidaki, E. E., Ma, D., Hendrick, A. G., Zahn, D., Dixon, J., Thresher, R. R., Malinge, I., Lomet, D., Carlton, M. B. L., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409330102 · Cited by 1,215 · see citing works
Shigeyoshi, Y., Taguchi, K., Yamamoto, S., Takekida, S., Yan, L., Tei, H., Moriya, T., Shibata, S., Loros, J. J., Dunlap, J. C., et al. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80494-8 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Self-citationFranco, B., Guioli, S., Pragliola, A., Incerti, B., Bardoni, B., Tonlorenzi, R., Carrozzo, R., Maestrini, E., Pieretti, M., Taillon-Miller, P., et al. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/353529a0 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 cause autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome
Dodé, C., Levilliers, J., Dupont, J., Paepe, A. D., Dû, N. L., Soussi-Yanicostas, N., Coimbra, R., Delmaghani, S., Compain-Nouaille, S., Baverel, F., et al. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1122 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Cheng, M. Y., Bullock, C. M., Li, C., Lee, A. G., Bermak, J. C., Belluzzi, J., Weaver, D. R., Leslie, F. M., & Zhou, Q.-Y. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/417405a · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Legouis, R., Hardelin, J.-P., Levilliers, J., Claverie, J.-M., Compain, S., Wunderle, V., Millasseau, P., Le Paslier, D., Cohen, D., & Caterina, D. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90193-3 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
The KiSS-1 receptor GPR54 is essential for the development of the murine reproductive system
Funes, S., Hedrick, J. A., Vassileva, G., Markowitz, L., Abbondanzo, S., Golovko, A., Yang, S., Monsma, F. J., & Gustafson, E. L. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.066 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Schwanzel-Fukuda, M., Bick, D., & Pfaff, D. W. (1989) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(89)90076-4 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone deficiency in a mutant mouse with hypogonadism
Cattanach, B. M., IDDON, C. A., Charlton, H. M., CHIAPPA, S. A., & Fink, G. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/269338a0 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Identification of an angiogenic mitogen selective for endocrine gland endothelium
LeCouter, J. E., Kowalski, J., Foster, J., Hass, P., Zhang, Z., Dillard‐Telm, L., Frantz, G. D., Rangell, L. K., Deguzman, L., Keller, G.-A., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35091000 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Requirement for the lp A1 lysophosphatidic acid receptor gene in normal suckling behavior
Contos, J. J. A., Fukushima, N., Weiner, J. A., Kaushal, D., & Chun, J. J. M. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.24.13384 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
A Novel ES Cell Line, TT2, with High Germline-Differentiating Potency
Yagi, T., Tokunaga, T., Furuta, Y., Nada, S., Yoshida, M., Tsukada, T., Saga, Y., Takeda, N., Ikawa, Y., & Aizawa, S. (1993) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1006/abio.1993.1458 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Disintegration of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian timing in Huntington's disease
Morton, A. J., Wood, N. I., Hastings, M. H., Hurelbrink, C., Barker, R. A., & Maywood, E. S. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3842-04.2005 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Dependence of Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis on Prokineticin 2 Signaling
Ng, K., Li, J., Cheng, M., Leslie, F. M., Lee, A. G., & Zhou, Q. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1112103 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Lin, D. C.-H., Bullock, C. M., Ehlert, F. J., Chen, J.-L., Tian, H., & Zhou, Q.-Y. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m202139200 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Navarro, V. M., Castellano, J. M., Fernández-Fernández, R., Tovar, S. A., Roa, J., Mayen, A., Barreiro, M. L., Casanueva, F. F., Aguilar, E., Diéguez, C., et al. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-1353 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
An Abrupt Shift in the Day/Night Cycle Causes Desynchrony in the Mammalian Circadian Center
Nagano, M., Adachi, A. A., Nakahama, K., Nakamura, T., Tamada, M., Meyer-Bernstein, E. L., Sehgal, A., & Shigeyoshi, Y. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-14-06141.2003 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, M., Bullock, C. M., Knauer, D. J., Ehlert, F. J., & Zhou, Q. Y. (2001) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.59.4.692 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Gonadal dysfunction in systemic diseases
Karagiannis, A. I., & Harsoulis, F. (2005) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.01886 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
LeCouter, J. E., Zlot, C. H., Tejada, M. L., Peale, F. V., Jr., & Ferrara, N. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407697101 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Masuda, Y., Takatsu, Y., Terao, Y., Kumano, S., Ishibashi, Y., Suenaga, M., Abe, M., Fukusumi, S., Watanabe, T., Shintani, Y., et al. (2002) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00239-5 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
FGF signaling through FGFR1 is required for olfactory bulb morphogenesis
Hébert, J. M., Lin, M., Partanen, J. M., Rossant, J., & McConnell, S. K. (2003) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.00334 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Molecular cloning and characterization of prokineticin receptors
Soga, T., Matsumoto, S.-I., Oda, T., Saito, T., Hiyama, H., Takasaki, J., Kamohara, M., Ohishi, T., Matsushime, H., & Furuichi, K. (2002) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression · doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00546-8 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationLeCouter, J. E., Lin, R., Tejada, M. L., Frantz, G. D., Peale, F. V., Jr., Hillan, K. J., & Ferrara, N. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0337667100 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Bv8, a small protein from frog skin and its homologue from snake venom induce hyperalgesia in rats
Mollay, C., Wechselberger, C., Mignogna, G., Negri, L., Melchiorri, P., Barra, D., & Kreil, G. (1999) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00229-0 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 neurons
Wray, S. (2002) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0091-3022(02)00001-8 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
LeCouter, J. E., Lin, R., & Ferrara, N. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0902-913 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Lin, R., LeCouter, J. E., Kowalski, J., & Ferrara, N. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110594200 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Arxhomeobox gene is essential for development of mouse olfactory system
Yoshihara, S., Omichi, K., Yanazawa, M., Kitamura, K., & Yoshihara, Y. (2005) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.01619 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Kallmann syndrome: towards molecular pathogenesis.
Hardelin, J. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00462-2 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
MIT1, a black mamba toxin with a new and highly potent activity on intestinal contraction
Schweitz, H., Pacaud, P., Diochot, S., Moinier, D., & Lazdunski, M. (1999) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01459-3 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Chen, J., Kuei, C., Sutton, S. W., Wilson, S. M. B., Yu, J., Kamme, F., Mazur, C., Lovenberg, T. W., & Liu, C. (2005) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.105.011619 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Bullock, C. M., Li, J., & Zhou, Q. (2004) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.65.3.582 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kallmann syndrome: fibroblast growth factor signaling insufficiency?
Dod�, C., & Hardelin, J. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-004-0571-y · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Nociceptive sensitization by the secretory protein Bv8
Negri, L., Lattanzi, R., Giannini, E., Metere, A., Colucci, M., Barra, D., Kreil, G., & Melchiorri, P. (2002) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704995 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The mammalian homologues of frog Bv8 are mainly expressed in spermatocytes
Wechselberger, C., Puglisi, R., Engel, E., Lepperdinger, G., Boitani, C., & Kreil, G. (1999) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01473-8 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Melchiorri, D., Bruno, V., Besong, G., et al. (2001) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01549.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Colledge, W. H. (2004) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2004.09.008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
GnRH neuronal development: insights into hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
MacColl, G., Quinton, R., & Bouloux, P. M. (2002) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(01)00545-8 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are independent of the olfactory bulb
John, J. A. S., Clarris, H. J., McKeown, S. J., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.10777 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
González-Martı́nez, D., Hu, Y., & Bouloux, P. M. (2004) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2004.06.001 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Bv8, the amphibian homologue of the mammalian prokineticins, modulates ingestive behaviour in rats
Negri, L., Lattanzi, R., Giannini, E., Felice, M. D., Colucci, A., & Melchiorri, P. (2004) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705686 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The olfactory bulb as an independent developmental domain
López‐Mascaraque, L., & de Castro, F. (2002) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401076 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kallmann’s syndrome: molecular pathogenesis
Hu, Y., Tanrıverdi, F., MacCOLL, G. S., et al. (2003) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00395-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Kisspeptins and GPR54—The new biology of the mammalian GnRH axis
Aparicio, S. A. J. R. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.04.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
EG‐VEGF: A Novel Mediator of Endocrine‐Specific Angiogenesis, Endothelial Phenotype, and Function
LeCouter, J. E., Lin, R., & Ferrara, N. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1294.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Retinoid signaling determines germ cell fate in mice
Bowles, J., Knight, D., Smith, C., Wilhelm, D., Richman, J., Mamiya, S., Yashiro, K., Chawengsaksophak, K., Wilson, M. J., Rossant, J., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1125691 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Control of puberty onset and fertility by gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons
Herbison, A. E. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.70 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Kallmann Syndrome: Mutations in the Genes Encoding Prokineticin-2 and Prokineticin Receptor-2
Dodé, C., Teixeira, L., Levilliers, J., Fouveaut, C., Bouchard, P., Kottler, M.-L., Lespinasse, J., Lienhardt-Roussie, A., Mathieu, M., Moerman, A., et al. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020175 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
The genetic and molecular basis of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Bianco, S. D. C., & Kaiser, U. B. (2009) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.177 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Gianetti, E., Tusset, C., Noel, S. D., Au, M. G., Dwyer, A. A., Hughes, V. A., Abreu, A. P., Carroll, J., Trarbach, E., Silveira, L. F. G., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2320 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Pitteloud, N., Zhang, C., Pignatelli, D., Li, J.-D., Raivio, T., Cole, L. W., Plummer, L., Jacobson-Dickman, E. E., Mellon, P. L., Zhou, Q.-Y., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707173104 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
A genetic basis for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
Caronia, L. M., Martin, C., Welt, C. K., Sykiotis, G. P., Quinton, R., Thambundit, A., Avbelj, M., Dhruvakumar, S., Plummer, L., Hughes, V. A., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0911064 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Cole, L. W., Sidis, Y., Zhang, C., Quinton, R., Plummer, L., Pignatelli, D., Hughes, V. A., Dwyer, A. A., Raivio, T., Hayes, F. J., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2654 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
PROKR2 missense mutations associated with Kallmann syndrome impair receptor signalling activity
Monnier, C., Dodé, C., Fabre, L., Teixeira, L., Labesse, G., Pin, J.-P., Hardelin, J.-P., & Rondard, P. (2009) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn318 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Abreu, A. P., Trarbach, E. B., de Castro, M., Frade Costa, E. M., Versiani, B., Matias Baptista, M. T., Garmes, H. M., Mendonca, B. B., & Latronico, A. C. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0958 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The recent genetics of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism—novel insights and new questions
Semple, R. K., & Topaloglu, A. K. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03687.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Kim, S. ‐., Hu, Y., Cadman, S., & Bouloux, P. (2008) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01627.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Prosser, H. M., Bradley, A., & Caldwell, M. A. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05958.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
GnRH-Deficient Phenotypes in Humans and Mice with Heterozygous Variants in<i>KISS1</i>/<i>Kiss1</i>
Chan, Y.-M., Broder-Fingert, S., Paraschos, S., Lapatto, R., Au, M., Hughes, V., Bianco, S. D. C., Min, L., Plummer, L., Cerrato, F., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0518 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Dwyer, A. A., Hayes, F. J., Plummer, L., Pitteloud, N., & Crowley, W. F. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0245 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Gianetti, E., Hall, J. E., Au, M. G., Kaiser, U. B., Quinton, R., Stewart, J. A., Metzger, D. L., Pitteloud, N., Mericq, V., Merino, P. M., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1264 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Biallelic mutations in the prokineticin-2 gene in two sporadic cases of Kallmann syndrome
Leroy, C., Fouveaut, C., Leclercq, S., Jacquemont, S., Boullay, H. D., Lespinasse, J., Delpech, M., Dupont, J.-M., Hardelin, J.-P., & Dodé, C. (2008) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.15 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Herbison, A. E. (2007) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000110583 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Chan, Y.-M., Lippincott, M. F., Butler, J. P., Sidhoum, V. F., Li, C. X., Plummer, L., & Seminara, S. B. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2233 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
NELF knockout is associated with impaired pubertal development and subfertility
Quaynor, S. D., Ko, E. K., Chorich, L. P., Sullivan, M. E., Demir, D., Waller, J. L., Kim, H.-G., Cameron, R. S., & Layman, L. C. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.02.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Matsumoto, S.-I., Yamazaki, C., Masumoto, K.-H., Nagano, M., Naito, M., Soga, T., Hiyama, H., Matsumoto, M., Takasaki, J., Kamohara, M., Matsuo, A., Ishii, H., Kobori, M., Katoh, M., Matsushime, H., Furuichi, K., & Shigeyoshi, Y.
- Affiliations
- Astellas Pharma (Japan) (JP)
- Kindai University (JP)
- Yamaguchi University (JP)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2006-03-02
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4140-4145
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2085057361
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 23.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- prokineticins, olfactory bulb development, GnRH neurons, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Kallmann syndrome, anosmia, sexual maturation, gonadotropin deficiency, G protein-coupled receptors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Female, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Genitalia, Humans, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neurons, Neuropeptides, Olfactory Bulb, Pregnancy, RNA, Messenger, Sexual Maturation, Kallmann Syndrome, Receptors, Peptide, Mice, Knockout, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
