Haplotype Analysis Discriminates Genetic Risk for DR3-Associated Endocrine Autoimmunity and Helps Define Extreme Risk for Addison’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
Context: Multiple autoimmune disorders (e.g. Addison’s disease, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease) are associated with HLA-DR3, but it is likely that alleles of additional genes in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1 contribute to disease. Objective: The objective of the study was to characterize major histocompatability complex (MHC) haplotypes conferring extreme risk for autoimmune Addison’s disease (AD). Design, Setting, and Participants: Eighty-six 21-hydroxylase autoantibody-positive, nonautoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1, Caucasian individuals collected from 1992 to 2009 with clinical AD from 68 families (12 multiplex and 56 simplex) were genotyped for HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1, MICA, HLA-B, and HLA-A as well as high density MHC single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis for 34. Main Outcome Measures: AD and genotype were measured. Result: Ninety-seven percent of the multiplex individuals had both HLA-DR3 and HLA-B8 vs. 60% of simplex AD patients (P = 9.72 × 10−4) and 13% of general population controls (P = 3.00 × 10−19). The genotype DR3/DR4 with B8 was present in 85% of AD multiplex patients, 24% of simplex patients, and 1.5% of control individuals (P = 4.92 × 10−191). The DR3-B8 haplotype of AD patients had HLA-A1 less often (47%) than controls (81%, P = 7.00 × 10−5) and type 1 diabetes patients (73%, P = 1.93 × 10−3). Analysis of 1228 SNPs across the MHC for individuals with AD revealed a shorter conserved haplotype (3.8) with the loss of the extended conserved 3.8.1 haplotype approximately halfway between HLA-B and HLA-A. Conclusion: Extreme risk for AD, especially in multiplex families, is associated with haplotypic DR3 variants, in particular a portion (3.8) but not all of the conserved 3.8.1 haplotype.
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An elevated ACTH concentration with a cortisol in the normal range can be the first sign of early-stage PAI.
“An elevated ACTH concentration in the presence of a cortisol in the normal range can be the first sign of early-stage PAI (68).”
From Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2016) · cites this paper as [68]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies usually precede overt Addison’s disease and proposes subsequent adrenal-function testing. Neither that passage nor the passages retrieved by searching for ACTH, cortisol, and early adrenal insufficiency addresses whether elevated ACTH with normal-range cortisol can be an early sign of PAI. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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- Authors
- Baker, P. R., Baschal, E. E., Fain, P. R., Triolo, T. M., Nanduri, P., Siebert, J. C., Armstrong, T. K., Babu, S. R., Rewers, M. J., Gottlieb, P. A., Barker, J. M., & Eisenbarth, G. S.
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- Cytoanalytics (J.C.S.), Denver, Colorado 80209
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- 1945-7197
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- OpenAlex
- W2135139061
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- 35
- References
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- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01ai15416-28-0-11)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-15416, AI 050864, U19AI050864, N01-AI-015416)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK057516, P30 DK 57516, DK 057538, DK062418, DK 32493, R01DK032493, U01DK062418, R37DK032493, R01DK057538, R37DK032083, R01DK032083, DK32083)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR-00051, M01 RR00069, M01RR000051, M01RR000069)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD000850)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Keywords
- Addison's disease, HLA-DR3, HLA-B8, MHC haplotypes, 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies, type 1 diabetes, endocrine autoimmunity, mica, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRB1, multiplex families, genetic risk, HLA-A
- MeSH terms
- Addison Disease, Adult, Autoimmune Diseases, DNA Mutational Analysis, Female, Gene Frequency, Haplotypes, Humans, Male, Pedigree, Risk, Autoimmunity, HLA-B8 Antigen, HLA-DR3 Antigen, Linkage Disequilibrium, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Endocrine Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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