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Nine Months of Combined Training Improves Ex Vivo Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has features of disordered lipid and glucose metabolism, due in part to reduced mitochondrial content. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate effects of different types of exercise on mitochondrial content and substrate oxidation in individuals with T2D (ancillary study of the randomized controlled trial Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes, HART-D). INTERVENTION: T2D individuals were randomized to aerobic training (AT, n = 12), resistance training (RT, n = 18), combination training (ATRT, n = 12), or nonexercise control (n = 10). Blood draws, peak oxygen consumption tests, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans and muscle biopsies of vastus lateralis were performed before and after 9 months. Ex vivo substrate oxidations ((14)CO2), mitochondrial content, and enzyme activities were measured. Glycated hemoglobin A1c and free fatty acids were also determined. RESULTS: Mitochondrial content increased after RT and ATRT. Octanoate oxidation increased after AT and ATRT, whereas palmitate, pyruvate, and acetate oxidations increased in all exercise groups. Exercise-induced responses in mitochondrial DNA were associated with improvements in peak oxygen consumption, β-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity, and palmitate oxidation. CONCLUSIONS: Nine months of AT and RT significantly improved most aspects of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and substrate oxidation, whereas the combination improved all aspects. These exercise responses were associated with clinical improvements, indicating that long-term training, especially combination, is an effective lifestyle therapy for individuals with T2D by way of improving muscle substrate metabolism.
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“The present results also demonstrated that in nondiabetic young and older adults, 8 weeks of CT provides the most robust improvements in OXPHOS and thus supports results in type 2 diabetic individuals undergoing 9 months of CT in comparison with ET and RT training alone (13).”
From Combined Training Enhances Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity Independent of Age (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sparks, L. M., Johannsen, N. M., Church, T. S., Earnest, C. P., Moonen-Kornips, E., Moro, C., Hesselink, M. K. C., Smith, S. R., & Schrauwen, P.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- University of Bath (GB)
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Departments of Human Biology (L.M.S., E.M.-K., P.S.), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Medicine (L.M.S., N.M.J., T.S.C., C.M.), Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sparks, Lauren M.
- Schrauwen, Patrick
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2013-04-01
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1694-1702
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC3615199
- OpenAlex
- W2134085809
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 26.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- Coca-Cola Foundation
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (918.96.618)
- Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK072476)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, aerobic exercise, resistance training, concurrent training, skeletal muscle metabolism, mitochondrial content, substrate oxidation, mitochondrial DNA, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, palmitate oxidation, vastus lateralis, peak oxygen uptake, free fatty acids, HbA1c, exercise therapy
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Body Composition, Combined Modality Therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mitochondria, Muscle, Physical Education and Training, Time Factors, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Lipid Metabolism, Resistance Training
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