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Ethnic Differences in Maternal Thyroid Parameters during Pregnancy: The Generation R Study

Korevaar, Tim I. M., Medici, Marco, de Rijke, Yolanda B., Visser, Willy, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, Sabine M. P. F., Jaddoe, Vincent W. V., Hofman, Albert, Ross, H. Alec, Visser, W. Edward, Hooijkaas, Herbert, Steegers, Eric A. P., Tiemeier, Henning, Bongers-Schokking, Jacoba J., Visser, Theo J., Peeters, Robin P.·2013·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2013-2005

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Abnormal maternal thyroid function during pregnancy is associated with various complications. International guidelines advocate the use of population-based trimester-specific reference ranges for thyroid function tests. When unavailable, an upper TSH limit of 2.5 for the first trimester and 3.0 mU/L for the second and third trimesters is recommended. Although interindividual differences in thyroid function tests can partially be explained by ethnicity, data on the influence of ethnicity on TSH and free T4 reference ranges during pregnancy are sparse. DESIGN: Serum TSH, free T4, T4, and TPO-antibody levels were determined during early pregnancy in 3944 women from the Generation R study, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 2765 Dutch, 308 Moroccan, 421 Turkish, and 450 Surinamese women. Mean TSH levels were higher in Dutch and Turkish women than in Moroccan or Surinamese women (1.50-1.48 vs 1.29-1.33 mU/L; P < .01). Although no differences in free T4 were seen, T4 was lowest in Dutch women (142 vs 150-156 nmol/L; P < .01). Turkish women had the highest frequency of TPO-antibody positivity (9.3% vs 5.0-5.8%; P < .05) and of elevated TSH levels in the second trimester (11.0% vs 3.8-7.3%; P < .01). A comparison of disease prevalence between a population-based vs an ethnicity-specific reference range changed the diagnosis for 18% of women who were initially found to have abnormal thyroid function test results. CONCLUSIONS: We show ethnic differences in serum TSH, T4, and TPO-antibody positivity and found significant diagnostic discrepancies depending on whether population or ethnicity-specific reference ranges were used to diagnose thyroid disease.

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Background
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Background
Diagnosis and management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy
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“2011], which was further increased if positive for anti-TPO antibodies [Korevaar et al. 2013].”
Background
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“Ethnicity was categorized according to the four major ethnic groups in the Netherlands (Dutch, Moroccan, Turkish and Surinamese) and a Western or non-Western group, details on which have been described previously (18).”
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Self-citation
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“Korevaar et al (42) recently published results from a population study of 2,765 Dutch, 450 Surinamese, 308 Moroccan, and 421 Turkish women during pregnancy.”
Result
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Background
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“Recent evidence suggests that using ethnic-specific reference ranges for thyroid function parameters during pregnancy would allow to correctly identify pregnant patients with a SCH [61, 62].”
Background
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“This is in contrast with other reports (40,41).”
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“were initially labeled as having an abnormal TFT; however, ethnic-specific reference ranges for TSH are not currently endorsed by the Endocrine Society or the American Thyroid Association (ATA), nor are ethnic-specific ranges commonly used in clinical practice.(3,16,19) According to ATA and Endocrine Society guideline…”
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BackgroundInfluential
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“This ethnic homogeneity limits the generalizability of our ﬁ ndingstotheDutchmulti-ethnicandmulti-racialpopulation,especial- lysincethereareethnicdifferencesinmaternalthyroidparametersdur-ing pregnancy (Korevaar et al., 2013).”
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“…tend to culminate in misdiagnoses when applied to diverse local populations (13-15), most likely because TSH and FT4 measurements differ due to various methodologies (assay, preanalytical handling (16)) as well as patient characteristics (body mass index, ethnicity, gestational age (8, 17-19)).”
Background
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“also reported misinterpretation of TSH in 18% of pregnant women due to ethnic discrepancy [25].”
Background
Should All Women Be Screened for Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy?
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“function depending on whether population or ethnicity-specific reference ranges are applied [40].”
Background
Association between Low Free Triiodothyronine Levels and Poor Prognosis in Patients with Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Song, Y., Li, J., Bian, S., Qin, Z., Song, Y., Jin, J., Zhao, X., Song, M., Chen, J., & Huang, L. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/9803851 · Cited by 23
Maternal Thyroid Function in Early Pregnancy and Child Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis
Levie, D., Korevaar, T. I. M., Mulder, T. A., Bath, S. C., Dineva, M., López-Espinosa, M.-J., Basterrechea, M., Santa‐Marina, L., Rebagliato, M., Sunyer, J., et al. (2019) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2018.0794 · Cited by 22
“…to adjust for maternal ethnicity/country of birth because it is known that there are ethnic differences in maternal thyroid parameters during pregnancy (48–50), and race/ethnicity is intertwined with social economic status, which has been associated with behavioral problems (51) and ADHD (13,52).”
Variables Contributing to Thyroid (Dys)Function in Pregnant Women: More than Thyroid Antibodies?
Veltri, F., & Poppe, K. G. (2018) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000488279 · Cited by 20
Thyroid Function During Pregnancy in A Multiethnic Population in Norway
Sletner, L., Jenum, A. K., Qvigstad, E., & Hammerstad, S. S. (2021) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab078 · Cited by 20
“The overall prevalence of TPO Ab positivity in our study was similar to other multiethnic population studies [7, 8, 18, 19], but was lower in Middle Eastern women, similar to reports by others, and higher in South Asians [20-22].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Reference values and the effect of clinical parameters on thyroid hormone levels during early pregnancy
Lin, H., Ye, M., Zhou, Z., Yuan, L., Lash, G. E., Zhang, G., & Li, L. (2020) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20202296 · Cited by 21
High Prevalence of Maternal Hypothyroidism Despite Adequate Iodine Status in Indian Pregnant Women in the First Trimester
Jaiswal, N., Melse‐Boonstra, A., Thomas, T. S., Basavaraj, C., Sharma, S. K., Srinivasan, K., & Zimmermann, M. B. (2014) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0071 · Cited by 19
“A recent study from the Netherlands suggested that there may be ethnic differences in reference ranges to diagnose thyroid disease (38).”
Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy With Targeted High-Risk Case Finding: Can It Be Improved?
Sitoris, G., Veltri, F., Kleynen, P., Belhomme, J., Rozenberg, S., & Poppe, K. G. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02303 · Cited by 20
The Attitude Toward Hypothyroidism During Early Gestation: Time for a Change of Mind?
Pop, V. J. M., Broeren, M. A. C., & Wiersinga, W. M. (2014) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0007 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, ethnic differences should also be taken into account (7,8).”
Incidence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroidism in Early Pregnancy
Hosseini, F., Johansson, B., Möllerström, G., Landgren, B.-M., Stavreus-Evers, A. C., & Skjöldebrand‐Sparre, L. (2017) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2016.6111 · Cited by 17
“Since the normal range of TSH varies according to geographic region and ethnic background, the incidence of clinical and SCH varies among studies, and the number of patients with undiscovered overt hypothyroidism/SCH remains unknown.(14) Data on the incidence of overt hypothyroidism/SCH in Swedish pregnant women are s…”
Soluble Flt1 and Placental Growth Factor Are Novel Determinants of Newborn Thyroid (Dys)Function: The Generation R Study
Korevaar, T. I. M., Steegers, E. A. P., Schalekamp–Timmermans, S., Ligthart, S., de Rijke, Y. B., Visser, W. E., Visser, W. E., Keizer‐Schrama, S. M. P. F. D. M., Albert Hofman, D., Hooijkaas, H., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1884 · Cited by 17
Acute painful crises may be causes of sudden deaths in sickle cell diseases
Helvacı, M. R., Camlibel, M., Yuksek, B. C., Sevinç, A., Camcı, C., Abyad, A., & Pocock, L. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256109 · Cited by 16
Antithyroid drug therapy in pregnancy: a review of guideline recommendations
Khan, I. N., Okosieme, O. E., & Lazarus, J. H. (2017) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2017.1338944 · Cited by 16
“ethnicity, geography and iodine nutrition [26,27].”
Thyroid function in pregnancy
Muller, I., Taylor, P. N., & Lazarus, J. H. (2018) · Annals of Thyroid · doi:10.21037/aot.2018.10.05 · Cited by 14
“Several factors influence thyroid status in pregnancy, including iodine status (16), hCG levels (11), ethnicity (27,43), body mass index (44), parity (44) and male foetal sex (44).”
Association between thyroid autoimmunity and gestational diabetes mellitus in euthyroid women
Sitoris, G., Veltri, F., Ichiche, M., Kleynen, P., Praet, J.-P., Rozenberg, S., & Poppe, K. G. (2022) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-21-0142 · Cited by 20
Association between thyroid autoimmunity and gestational diabetes mellitus in euthyroid women
Sitoris, G., & Poppe, K. G. (2022) · Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) · Cited by 14
A Practical Approach for the Verification and Determination of Site- and Trimester-Specific Reference Intervals for Thyroid Function Tests in Pregnancy
Donovan, L., Metcalfe, A., Chin, A., Yamamoto, J. M., Virtanen, H., Johnson, J.-A., & Krause, R. D. (2018) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2018.0439 · Cited by 14
“Since ethnicity has an impact on thyroid test reference intervals in pregnancy (13), this may partially explain why the manufacturer’s reference range for TSH were not conﬁrmed in this study.”
Reference Intervals of Thyroid Function Tests Assessed by Immunoassay and Mass Spectrometry in Healthy Pregnant Women Living in Catalonia
Hernández, J. M., Soldevila, B., Velasco, I., Moreno-Flores, F., Ferrer, L., de, A. P.-M., Santillán, C. D. L. L. R., Muñoz, C., Ballesta, S., Canal, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10112444 · Cited by 13
“Due to the known influence of ethnic variations on the thyroid function parameters, we only considered comparisons with studies in the European Caucasian population [19].”
Result
Maternal Thyroid Hormone Programs Cardiovascular Functions in the Offspring
Pedaran, M., Oelkrug, R., Sun, Q., Resch, J., Schomburg, L., & Mittag, J. (2021) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2021.0275 · Cited by 13
“These ﬁndings are of clinical relevance, as a large proportion of pregnant women display thyroid disorders (62), but there is a controversial discussion about whether pregnant women should be routinely tested (63).”
Trimester specific reference ranges for serum TSH and Free T4 among United Arab Emirates pregnant women
Khalil, A., Salih, B. T., Chinengo, O., Bardies, M. R. D., Turner, A., & Wareth, L. A. (2018) · Practical Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.plabm.2018.e00098 · Cited by 13
Impact of preconceptional serum thyroid stimulating hormone values ranging between 2.5 and 4.5 mIU/L on live birth rates following ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination treatment for unexplained infertility
Karakis, L. S., Kiyak, H. A., Okmen, B., Özdemir, Ç., & Türkgeldi, E. (2021) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01299-0 · Cited by 13
“The normal range of thyroid hormones are known to vary with age, geographical location, and ethnicity of the patient population [7].”
Background
Thyroid dysfunction in the era of precision medicine
Galofré, J. C., Díez, J. J., & Cooper, D. S. (2016) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2016.04.009 · Cited by 11
Reference Intervals for Thyroid Hormones During the First Trimester of Gestation: A Report from an Area with a Sufficient Iodine Level
Kianpour, M., Aminorroaya, A., Amini, M., Feizi, A., Janghorbani, M., Shokri, S., Yamini, S. A., Farghadani, M., Hekmatnia, A., & Gharib, H. (2019) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-0855-7128 · Cited by 10
“Thyroid volume was measured using ultrasound scanning by Philips affinity 70, superficial probe, 4–12 MHz (Made in the Netherlands), for all women by an expert sonographer (S.Sh.).”
ResultInfluential
Gestational age-specific reference intervals for serum thyroid hormone levels in a multi-ethnic population
Ho, C. K. M., Tan, E. T. H., Ng, M. J., Yeo, G. S., Chern, B. S. M., Tee, N. W. S., Kwek, K. Y. C., & Tan, K. H. (2017) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2016-0790 · Cited by 10
“Indeed, significant differences in serum TSH levels between ethnic groups have been addressed in the clinical guidelines of the American Thyroid Association [2] and reported in some previous studies [5, 9, 13, 14].”
Background
Establishment of trimester-specific reference range for thyroid hormones during pregnancy
Nazarpour, S., Tehrani, F. R., Simbar, M., Minooee, S., Rahmati, M., Mansournia, M. A., & Azizi, F. (2018) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.01.006 · Cited by 10
Preconceptional thyrotropin level in euthyroid women is inversely associated with the live birth rate in first in vitro fertilization cycle
Grove‐Laugesen, D., Aaskov, C. U., Ebbehøj, E., & Knudsen, U. B. (2019) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.13563 · Cited by 10
Thyroid function in neonates of women with subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia
Varner, M. W., Mele, L., Casey, B. M., Peaceman, A. M., Sorokin, Y., Reddy, U. M., Wapner, R. J., Thorp, J. M., Saade, G. R., Tita, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-018-0213-9 · Cited by 10
Iodine Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women After 14 Years of Lipiodol Supplementation: a Cross-Sectional Study in Historically Iodine-Deficient Areas of China
Tayier, R., Wang, C., Ma, P., Yuan, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, S., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-022-03123-8 · Cited by 9
Association of Mild Thyroid Dysfunction and Adverse Prognosis Among Chinese Patients With Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Li, M., Wei, Z.-T., Li, S., Feng, Q., & Li, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.879443 · Cited by 7
Comparison of the Reference Intervals Used for the Evaluation of Maternal Thyroid Function During Pregnancy Using Sequential and Nonsequential Methods
Fan, J., Yang, S., Qian, W., Shi, F.-T., & Huang, H. (2016) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.178954 · Cited by 7
Pregnancy-related reference intervals for serum thyrotropin based on real-life clinical data
Canovi, S., Vezzani, S., Polese, A., Frasoldati, A., Schiatti, C., Preda, C., Zini, M., Vitiello, A., Foracchia, M., Comitini, G., et al. (2020) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2020.1756251 · Cited by 7
Euthyroid Thyroperoxidase Antibody Positivity during Pregnancy, to Treat or Not to Treat?
Korevaar, T. I. M. (2022) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2022.301 · Cited by 8
“Risk factors for TPOAb positivity are similar to those outside of pregnancy and include a higher age, iodine deficiency or excess and a family or personal history of autoimmune disease, while the link with multiparity remains controversial [4-7].”
Background
Subclinical thyroid diseases and isolated hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy
Locantore, P., Corsello, A., Policola, C., & Pontecorvi, A. (2021) · Minerva Endocrinology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03391-5 · Cited by 6
The Effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning in Improving Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills in Medical Students: A Systematic Review of Fifteen Years’ Experience (2005-2019)
Alreshidi, R., & Alreshidi, F. S. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256077 · Cited by 8
Medical treatment in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis
Abuhadba-Cayao, K. A., Talavera, J. E., Vera-Ponce, V. J., & Cruz-Vargas, J. A. D. L. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil · doi:10.1590/1806-9304202200020003 · Cited by 4
Gestational trimester-specific reference ranges for serum thyrotropin and free thyroxine in Japanese
FUSE, Y., Ito, Y., Shishiba, Y., & Irie, M. (2022) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0237 · Cited by 3
Point prevalence of abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone during the first trimester of pregnancy in Israel.
Zornitzki, T., Froimovici, M., Amster, R., & Lurie, S. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Epigenetic regulation during placentation
Sapehia, D., Thakur, S., Rahat, B., Mahajan, A., Singh, P., & Kaur, J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819753-0.00007-6 · Cited by 5
Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome among undergraduate medical students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A multi-university cross-sectional study
Abdulrahman, K. A. B., Al-Habdan, A. A., Albogami, M. A., Aldhafyan, A. E., & Basendwah, A. A. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256075 · Cited by 3
Developmental scores in offspring of women with subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy are affected by gender and thyrotropin cutoff
Stryhn, J. K. G., Væver, M. S., Hoffmann, A. L., & Gæde, P. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2023-0197 · Cited by 3
Establishment of trimester-specific reference intervals for thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine during pregnancy in southwest China by indirect method
Guo, Y. J., Wei, B., Dai, W., & Xie, H. (2021) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/00045632211063142 · Cited by 3
Thyroid dysfunction in the era of precision medicine
Galofré, J. C., Díez, J. J., & Cooper, D. S. (2016) · Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.endoen.2016.09.004 · Cited by 3
Ethnicity-based variations in biological reference interval- A systematic scoping review
Sivakumar, S., Makhija, I., Bhagat, R., Maurya, S., Chatterjee, N. S., Bansal, S., & Chandra, N. (2025) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2025.120539 · Cited by 3
An assessment of parents’ knowledge, awareness and practice regarding paracetamol use in children
Murad, M. A., Yasawy, M. A., Hantoush, D., Marghalani, R., Khamis, Z., Bantan, A. K., khayat, M. S., & EL-Qaisi, S. M. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256100 · Cited by 2
Trimester-specific reference ranges for thyroid function tests in South Indian women
Al-Mendalawi, M. (2019) · Thyroid Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/trp.trp_52_18 · Cited by 2
Use of Uterine and Ovarian Arteries Doppler Parameters for the Prediction of Infertility in Females
Farooq, S. M. Y., Zulfiqar, N., Zulfiqar, M., Gilani, S. A., Fatima, Z., Hanif, A., & Akhter, A. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256113 · Cited by 1
Thyroid reference ranges in pregnancy utilizing an Abbott Alinity platform in a multi-ethnic population in the UK
Scott, R., Abdel-Malek, M., Zhu, J., Tan, J. H. J., Thayabaran, D., Valaiyapathi, R., Padam, P., Jackson, E., Barnes, S., Fourie, H., et al. (2025) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/00045632251333286 · Cited by 1
Reference Range of Thyroid Hormones in Pregnancy: Customization Needed for Pregnant Women in India
Arora, N., Kashyap, P., Saren, D., Meel, P., Ghosh, J., & Yadav, A. (2025) · The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India · doi:10.1007/s13224-025-02117-5 · Cited by 1
“In addition, factors like ethnicity and body mass have been reported to influence reference range of thyroid hormones [7, 8].”
Influential
Global and Indian perspectives on trimester-specific reference intervals for thyroid hormones in pregnant women: a systematic review
Kuppusamy, P., Chinnasamy, J., Jain, K. P., Kannayiram, K., Sivakumar, S., & Chandra, N. (2026) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/s13044-026-00298-3 · Cited by 1
“Forty-eight publications were included in the systematic review after removing studies with insufficient data [11, 13, 15, 17, 23–”

Authors: Korevaar, T. I. M., Medici, M., de Rijke, Y. B., Visser, W., de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, S. M. P. F., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., Ross, H. A., Visser, W. E., Hooijkaas, H., Steegers, E. A. P., Tiemeier, H., Bongers-Schokking, J. J., Visser, T. J., & Peeters, R. P.
Affiliations: Erasmus MC (NL)
Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Corresponding author: Peeters, Robin P.
ORCID: Korevaar, Tim I. M.
Medici, Marco
Jaddoe, Vincent W. V.
Steegers, Eric A. P.
Tiemeier, Henning
Peeters, Robin P.
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2013-09
Volume: 98
Issue: 9
Pages: 3678-3686
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2005
OpenAlex: W2133831600
Cited by: 150
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 7.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
Erasmus Medisch Centrum
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords: maternal thyroid function, pregnancy, ethnic differences, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, total thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, thyroid autoimmunity, thyroid disease diagnosis, Generation R Study
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Iodide Peroxidase, Netherlands, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Reference Values, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyrotropin, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Prevalence

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Ethnic Differences in Maternal Thyroid Parameters during Pregnancy: The Generation R Study

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