The association of reproductive hormone levels and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality in men
Abstract
Context Testosterone (T) levels have been associated with mortality, but controversy exists. Objective Our objective was to investigate associations between serum levels of total T, SHBG, free T, estradiol, LH and FSH, and subsequent mortality with up to 30 years of follow-up. Design This was a prospective cohort study consisting of men participating in four independent population-based surveys (MONICA I-III and Inter99) from 1982 to 2001 and followed until December 2012 with complete registry follow-up. Setting and participants A total of 5350 randomly selected men from the general population aged 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70 years at baseline participated. Main outcomes and measures All-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, and cancer mortality were the main outcomes. Results A total of 1533 men died during the follow-up period; 428 from CVD and 480 from cancer. Cox proportional hazard models revealed that men in highest LH quartile had an increased all-cause mortality compared to lowest quartile (hazard ratio [HR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.53). Likewise, increased quartiles of LH/T and estradiol increased the risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06-1.43; HR, 1.23; 95% CI 1.06-1.43). No association to T levels was found. Higher LH levels were associated with increased cancer mortality (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.10-1.84) independently of smoking status. Lower CVD mortality was seen for men with T in the highest quartile compared to lowest…
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Male cigarette smokers have higher testosterone levels compared to non-smokers.
“It is well known that male cigarette smokers have higher testosterone levels compared to non-smokers, however, the mechanism behind this is debated (Shiels et al., 2009;Holmboe et al., 2015).”
From Use of e-cigarettes associated with lower sperm counts in a cross-sectional study of young men from the general population (2020) · cites this paper as Holmboe et al., 2015
Cites
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Holmboe, S. A., Priskorn, L., Jensen, T. K., Skakkebaek, N. E., Andersson, A.-M., & Jørgensen, N. (2020) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa089 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationDamgaard–Olesen, A., Johannsen, T. H., Holmboe, S. A., Søeborg, T., Petersen, J. H., Andersson, A., Aadahl, M., Linneberg, A., & Juul, A. (2016) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2015.12.042 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Holmboe, S. A., Vradi, E., Jensen, T. K., Linneberg, A., Husemoen, L. L. N., Scheike, T., Skakkebæk, N. E., Juul, A., & Andersson, A.-M.
- Affiliations
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Capital Region of Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Holmboe, Stine A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2015-12-01
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4472-4480
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W1839674266
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Rigshospitalet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Keywords
- testosterone, luteinizing hormone, sex hormone-binding globulin, free testosterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, cardiovascular mortality, Leydig cell function, men's health, mortality risk factors, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Educational Status, Estradiol, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Luteinizing Hormone, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Smoking, Testosterone, Cohort Studies, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human
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