Endogenous testosterone levels and smoking in men. The fifth Tromsø study
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Smoking is a risk factor of coronary heart disease (CHD), while the role of testosterone in the development of CHD is controversial. The reported effects of cigarette smoking on testosterone levels in men are conflicting, and smoking may be an important confounding factor when evaluating the relationship between testosterone levels and CHD. Thus, the objective of the present study was to examine the associations of smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked per day with total and free testosterone levels in a cross‐sectional population‐based study of 3427 men participating in the fifth Tromsø study. Total testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone and sex hormone‐binding globulin levels were measured with immunoassay while free testosterone levels were calculated. Waist circumference was also measured and two standardized questionnaires were completed, including smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked. The data were analysed with analysis of variance and covariance and multiple regression analysis. Smoking men had significantly higher levels of total and free testosterone compared with men who never smoked (p < 0.001 and <0.01 respectively). Both total and free testosterone levels increased significantly with increasing number of cigarettes smoked daily (p < 0.001). Smoking men had 15% higher total and 13% higher free testosterone levels compared with men who never smoked. Thus, smoking seems to be an important confounding factor when evaluating testosterone levels, and could possibly mask borderline hypogonadism.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In the fifth Tromsø study, smoking men had significantly higher total and free testosterone levels than never-smokers, and levels rose with the number of cigarettes smoked daily. The authors conclude smoking is an important confounding factor when evaluating testosterone levels and could mask borderline hypogonadism.
Key findings
- Smokers had higher total testosterone than never-smokers (15.5 vs. 13.6 nmol/L, p < 0.001) and higher free testosterone (285 vs. 269 pmol/L, p < 0.01).
- Smoking men had 15% higher total and 13% higher free testosterone levels compared with men who never smoked.
- Total and free testosterone increased significantly with increasing number of cigarettes smoked daily, both before and after adjustment for age and waist circumference (p < 0.001).
- Previous smokers had total testosterone almost identical to never-smokers (13.5 vs. 13.6 nmol/L); smoking was also an independent positive predictor of SHBG (p < 0.001).
Methods
- Cross-sectional, population-based study of 3427 men from the fifth Tromsø study (2001); total testosterone was measured in 3447 men, and smoking status was recorded in 3427.
- Total testosterone, LH, FSH, and SHBG were measured by immunoassay; free testosterone was calculated from total testosterone and SHBG using a fixed albumin value. Waist circumference and self-administered questionnaires on smoking, physical activity, and alcohol were used.
- Analyses included Student’s t-test, analysis of variance/covariance, and multiple linear regression, with two-tailed p < 0.05 considered significant.
Limitations
- The paper states hormone levels were based on a single sample drawn between 08.30 and 18.30 h, not preferably in the morning due to diurnal variation; adjusting for sampling time did not change associations.
- The paper states free testosterone was calculated, not measured, though the calculation was reported as reliable; smoking status and number of cigarettes were self-reported, so misclassification cannot be excluded.
- The paper states the most important limitation is the cross-sectional design, so the direction of associations cannot be determined.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 14 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Total testosterone levels were higher in smokers than in men who never smoked (15.5 vs 13.6 nmol/L, p < 0.001).
“Total and free testosterone levels were higher in smokers compared with men who never smoked (15.5 nmol/L vs. 13.6 nmol/L, p < 0.001; and 285 pmol/L vs. 269 pmol/L, p < 0.01; respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Smoking was positively and independently associated with SHBG after adjusting for free testosterone.
“Table 3 also shows that smoking was positively and independently associated with SHBG, after adjusting for free testosterone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Free testosterone levels were higher in smokers than in men who never smoked (285 vs 269 pmol/L, p < 0.01).
“Total and free testosterone levels were higher in smokers compared with men who never smoked (15.5 nmol/L vs. 13.6 nmol/L, p < 0.001; and 285 pmol/L vs. 269 pmol/L, p < 0.01; respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Total testosterone levels were positively associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, before and after adjustment for age and WC (p < 0.001).
“Total and free testosterone was positively associated with the number of cigarettes smoked, both before and after adjustment for age and WC (p < 0.001 and <0.001 respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Smokers had slightly higher LH levels than never smokers (5.7 vs 5.3 IU/L, p < 0.05).
“Smokers had slightly higher LH levels (5.7 IU/L vs. 5.3 IU/L, p < 0.05) compared with never smokers”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Smoking was a positive and independent predictor of total testosterone levels in multiple linear regression analyses.
“Smoking was a positive and independent predictor of both total and free testosterone levels in multiple linear regression analyses (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
SHBG was positively associated with number of cigarettes smoked after adjusting for age and WC (P < 0.001).
“Table 4 also shows that SHBG was positively associated with number of cigarettes smoked after adjusting for age and WC (P < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Smoking was a positive and independent predictor of free testosterone levels in multiple linear regression analyses.
“Smoking was a positive and independent predictor of both total and free testosterone levels in multiple linear regression analyses (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
In previous smokers, total testosterone level was almost identical to that in never smokers (13.5 vs 13.6 nmol/L).
“In previous smokers the level of total testosterone was almost identical to that observed in those who had never smoked (13.5 nmol/L vs. 13.6 nmol/L).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Smoking was not an independent predictor of LH and FSH.
“Smoking was not an independent predictor of LH and FSH (data not shown).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Free testosterone levels were positively associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, before and after adjustment for age and WC (p < 0.001).
“Total and free testosterone was positively associated with the number of cigarettes smoked, both before and after adjustment for age and WC (p < 0.001 and <0.001 respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The effect of smoking on testosterone levels seems to be reversible, as men who stopped smoking have levels similar to men who never smoked.
“The effect, however, seems to be reversible as men who stopped smoking have levels similar to those in men who never smoked.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Calculated free testosterone values are a reliable index of free testosterone.
“This calculation was recently evaluated by different investigators, and found to be a reliable index of free testosterone (Vermeulen et al., 1999;Morley et al., 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data
This study is the first to find a dose-response relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and both total and free testosterone levels, independent of age and WC.
“Further, our study is the first to find a dose-response relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and both total and free testosterone levels, a relationship that was also independent of age and WC, as shown in Table 4.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Seven of the sixteen published papers reported higher testosterone levels in smoking men.
“Seven of the sixteen published papers reported higher testosterone levels in smoking men (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The reported effects of cigarette smoking on testosterone levels in men are conflicting.
“The reported effects of cigarette smoking on testosterone levels in men are conflicting (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Waist circumference is more strongly associated with total and free testosterone than body mass index.
“We have previously shown that WC is more strongly associated with total and free testosterone than body mass index (BMI; Svartberg et al., 2004), and we have therefore used WC in our analyses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Svartberg et al., 2004 source
- Study design and conductown data
Adjusting for sampling time did not materially change the results.
“There was a negative association between the time of blood sampling and both total and free testosterone levels (data not shown), but adjusting for sampling time did not materially change the results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- May combine two claims. 12
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataSmoking duration was not associated with hormone levels or SHBG levels.
“Smoking duration was not associated with hormone levels or SHBG levels (data not shown).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSmoking men had 15% higher total testosterone and 13% higher free testosterone compared with men who never smoked.
“Smoking men had 15% higher total and 13% higher free testosterone levels compared with men who never smoked.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataFree testosterone was not measured but calculated.
“We did not measure free testosterone but used calculated values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenHormone levels were based on a single sample drawn between 08.30 and 18.30 h.
“Hormone levels were based on a single sample, drawn between 08.30 and 18.30 h.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataTotal testosterone was measured in 3447 men, and among them, smoking status was recorded in 3427.
“Total testosterone was measured in 3447 men, and among them, smoking status was recorded in 3427.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study is cross-sectional, so the direction of the associations cannot be determined.
“The most important limitation, of course, is that the results are cross-sectional, and the direction of the associations cannot be determined.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe personality-difference hypothesis is not supported because testosterone levels did not remain elevated in men who stopped smoking.
“If this were true, testosterone levels would be expected to remain elevated in men who stopped smoking, but they were not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMen with higher testosterone levels are reportedly more often engaged in health risk behaviour than men with low levels, and are more likely to smoke than controls.
“Thus, men with higher testosterone levels are reportedly more often engaged in health risk behaviour than men with low levels, and are more likely to smoke than controls (Booth et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Booth et al., 1999 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThis is by far the largest population-based study investigating the association between smoking status and total and free testosterone levels.
“This is by far the largest population-based study investigating the association between smoking status and total and free testosterone levels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAdjusting for SHBG did not change the association between total and free testosterone and smoking, nor did adjusting for free testosterone change the association between SHBG and smoking.
“However, adjusting for SHBG in our study did not change the association between total and free testosterone and smoking, nor did adjusting for free testosterone change the association between SHBG and smoking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSmoking seems to be an important confounding factor when evaluating testosterone levels, and could possibly mask borderline hypogonadism.
“Thus, smoking seems to be an important confounding factor when evaluating testosterone levels, and could possibly mask borderline hypogonadism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenA total of 10 353 men and women were invited to participate, and 8130 (3511 men) attended the study.
“A total of 10 353 men and women were invited to participate, and 8130 (3511 men) attended the study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataSmoking status and number of cigarettes smoked were self-reported, and some misclassification cannot be excluded.
“Smoking status and the number of cigarettes smoked were self-reported, and we cannot exclude some misclassification.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe results are supported by two large cross-sectional studies, our own previous smaller study and the study by Field et al. (1994).
“The results are supported by two large cross-sectional studies, our own previous smaller study (Svartberg et al., 2003) and the study by Field et al. (1994).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIt is not likely that the observed differences in testosterone levels would affect sexual behaviour or clinical symptoms.
“Finally, although smoking men had 15% higher total and 13% higher free testosterone levels, it is not likely that the observed differences in testosterone levels would affect sexual behaviour or clinical symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataStratified analyses by WC tertiles and age groups showed similar results, with higher total and free testosterone in each subgroup.
“The results were similar, with higher levels of total and free testosterone in each subgroup (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fig. 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
Smoking may be an important confounding factor when evaluating the relationship between testosterone levels and CHD.
“As smoking may be an important confounding factor when evaluating the relationship between testosterone levels and CHD, it is important to better understand the associations between smoking and testosterone levels.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous studies of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity with sex steroid hormones and SHBG levels in men were limited by small sample sizes, were restricted to older men, or both.
“Previous studies of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity with sex steroid hormones and SHBG levels in men were limited by small sample sizes [22], were restricted to older men [17], or both [20].”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
The citation is attached to “or both,” attributing to this paper a study that was both small and restricted to older men. Instead, the Introduction reports 3,427 men, and Subjects and methods says participants aged 30 and older were eligible. The paper’s discussion describes some *earlier* studies as small or involving older men; that does not describe this study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe majority of studies that included SHBG levels confirmed that SHBG levels in smokers are higher, and both free and total testosterone are increased in smokers.
“the majority of studies which also included SHBG levels confirmed that SHGB levels in smokers are higher, and both free and total testosterone are increased in smokers”
From Effects of Smoking Cessation on Hormonal Levels in Men (2013) · cites this paper as Svartberg and Jorde 2007
The Results report higher SHBG and higher free and total testosterone in smokers in this study. The Discussion says three cited studies agreed about SHBG while one did not, but it does not establish that a majority of studies found all three measures elevated; it reports higher testosterone in only seven of sixteen published papers. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn some studies, current smokers had higher circulating concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone, total estradiol and SHBG.
“In some studies, current smokers had higher circulating concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone, total estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) [16, 18–23]”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
The Results (page unavailable) report higher total and free testosterone in current smokers than in never-smokers and a positive association between smoking and SHBG. The Subjects and methods section lists the hormones measured but not estradiol; our copy does not substantiate the claim about higher total estradiol. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdiposity is a well-known modifiable predictor of sex steroid hormones in men.
“Adiposity is a well-known modifiable predictor of sex steroid hormones in men [14, 16–20]”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [20]
The Subjects and methods section says waist circumference is associated with total and free testosterone, and the discussion calls anthropometric measurements strong predictors of testosterone levels. The paper supports adiposity-related measures as predictors of testosterone in men, but does not establish the broader claim about sex steroid hormones generally or test whether modifying adiposity changes hormone levels. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdjustment for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in our study did not change the association between testosterone levels and smoking.
“Further, in agreement with previous studies, 14,31 adjustment for SHBG in our study did not change the association between testosterone levels and smoking.”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
Cites
A Critical Evaluation of Simple Methods for the Estimation of Free Testosterone in Serum
Vermeulen, A., Verdonck, L., & Kaufman, J. M. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.10.6079 · Cited by 3,824 · see citing works
Longitudinal Effects of Aging on Serum Total and Free Testosterone Levels in Healthy Men
Harman, S. M., Metter, E. J., Tobin, J. D., Pearson, J., & Blackman, M. R. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.2.7219 · Cited by 2,760 · see citing works
Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease
Liu, P. Y., Death, A. K., & Handelsman, D. J. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2003-0005 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Androgens and Coronary Artery Disease
Wu, F. C. W., & von Eckardstein, A. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2001-0025 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Hak, A. E., Witteman, J. C. M., de Jong, F. H., Geerlings, M. I., Albert Hofman, D., & Pols, H. A. P. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.87.8.3632 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Field, A. E., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Longcope, C., & McKinlay, J. B. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.79.5.7962322 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Leydig Cell Function in Normal Men: Effect of Age, Life-Style, Residence, Diet, and Activity*
DESLYPERE, J. P., & VERMEULENf, A. (1984) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-59-5-955 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Endogenous Sex Hormones and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Elderly Men
Muller, M., van den Beld, A. W., Bots, M. L., Grobbee, D. E., Lamberts, S. W. J., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000125854.51637.06 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Evaluation of assays available to measure free testosterone
Morley, J. E., Patrick, P., & Perry, H. M. (2002) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2002.31975 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Endogenous Hormones and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Elderly Men
van den Beld, A. W. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf160 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Svartberg, J., Midtby, M., Bonaa, K., Sundsfjord, J., Joakimsen, R., & Jorde, R. (2003) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1490145 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationWaist Circumference and Testosterone Levels in Community Dwelling Men. The Tromsø Study
Svartberg, J., von Mühlen, D., Sundsfjord, J., & Jorde, R. (2004) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1023/b:ejep.0000036809.30558.8f · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationCIGARETTE SMOKING AND SERUM SEX HORMONES IN MEN
Dai, W. S., Gutai, J. P., Kuller, L. H., & Cauley, J. A. (1988) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115033 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Low testosterone levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis in men
Svartberg, J. B., von Mühlen, D. G., Mathiesen, E. B., Joakimsen, O., Bønaa, K. H., & Stensland-Bugge, E. (2006) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01637.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationHandelsman, D. J., Conway, A. J., Boylan, L. M., & Turtle, J. R. (1984) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1984.tb00794.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Endocrine profile and semen characteristics in male smokers
Shaarawy, M., & Mahmoud, K. Z. (1982) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)46470-8 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND INCREASED ENDOGENOUS ESTROGEN LEVELS IN MEN
BARRETT-CONNOR, E., & KHAW, K.-T. (1987) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/126.2.187 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Determination of Bio-Available Testosterone
Wheeler, M. J. (1995) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/000456329503200401 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Booth, A., Johnson, D. R., & Granger, D. A. (1999) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1018705001117 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Sperm quality of healthy smokers, ex-smokers, and never-smokers
Vogt, H., Heller, W.-D., & Borelli, S. (1986) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)49106-5 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Effect of cigarette smoking on levels of bioavailable testosterone in healthy men
ENGLISH, K. M., PUGH, P. J., PARRY, H., SCUTT, N. E., CHANNER, K. S., & JONES, T. H. (2001) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs1000661 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Coronary risk factors and plasma sex hormones
Lindholm, J., Winkel, P., Brodthagen, U. A., & Gyntelberg, F. (1982) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(82)90405-3 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND INFERTILITY IN MEN
Briggs, M. H. (1973) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1973.tb110580.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking is associated with elevated adrenal androgen response to adrenocorticotropin
Hautanen, A., Mänttäri, M., Kupari, M., Sarna, S., Manninen, V., Heikki Frick, M., & Adlercreutz, H. (1993) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90300-l · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Dynamics of estradiol and testosterone and seminal fluid indexes in smokers and nonsmokers
Klaiber, E. L., & Broverman, D. M. (1988) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)60196-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Handa, K. (1997) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(96)06041-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Male Reproduction
Attia, A. M., El-Dakhly, M., Halawa, F. A., Ragab, N., & Mossa, M. (1989) · Archives of Andrology · doi:10.3109/01485018908986788 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Androgens and Coronary Artery Disease
Wu, F. C. W., & von Eckardstein, A. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-388-7:191 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hak, A. E., Witteman, J. C. M., de Jong, F. H., Geerlings, M. I., Hofman, A., & Pols, H. A. P. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.8.8762
Handelsman, D. J., Conway, A. J., Boylan, L. M., & Turtle, J. R. (1985) · Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)47469-6
Dynamics of Estradiol and Testosterone and Seminal Fluid Indexes in Smokers and Nonsmokers
Klaiber, E. L., & Broverman, D. M. (1989) · Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)41248-1
Coronary risk factors and sex hormones
Lindholm, J., Winkel, P., Brodthogen, U., & Gyntelberg, F. (1983) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90870-7
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Critchley J., 2004, Smoking cessation for the secondary prevention of coronary hearth disease, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD003041
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Smoking and Prostate Cancer Survival and Recurrence
Kenfield, S. A. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.879 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The endocrine effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke
Tweed, J. O., Hsia, S. H., Lutfy, K., & Friedman, T. C. (2012) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2012.03.006 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Vikan, T., Schirmer, H., Njølstad, I., & Svartberg, J. B. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0284 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationShiels, M. S., Rohrmann, S., Menke, A., Selvin, E., Crespo, C. J., Rifai, N., Dobs, A., Feinleib, M., Guallar, E., & Platz, E. A. (2009) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9318-y · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Aging and sex hormones in males
Decaroli, M. C., & Rochira, V. (2016) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2016.1259053 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Erectile Dysfunction: Focus on NO Bioavailability and ROS Generation
Tostes, R. C., Carneiro, F. S., Lee, A. J., Giachini, F. R. C., Leite, R., Osawa, Y., & Webb, R. C. (2008) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00804.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Leung, J. Y. Y., Lin, S. L., & Mary Schooling, C. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.12.021 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Evidence for geographical and racial variation in serum sex steroid levels in older men
Orwoll, E. S., Nielson, C. M., Labrie, F., Barrett-Connor, E., Cauley, J. A., Cummings, S. R., Ensrud, K., Karlsson, M., Lau, E., Leung, P. C., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2435 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Shen, H., Xu, W., Xia, Y., Barr, D. B., Mu, X., Wang, X., Liu, L., Huang, Q., & Tian, M. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es503659w · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Lotti, F., Corona, G., Vitale, P., Maseroli, E., Rossi, M., Fino, M. G., & Maggi, M. (2015) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deu347 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ravnborg, T. L., Jensen, T. K., Andersson, A.-M., Toppari, J., Skakkebaek, N. E., & Jorgensen, N. (2011) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/der011 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Tobacco smoking is associated with decreased semen quality
Asare‐Anane, H., Bannison, S. B., Ofori, E. K., Ateko, R. O., Bawah, A. T., Amanquah, S. D., Oppong, S. A., Gandau, B. B. N., & Ziem, J. B. (2016) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-016-0207-z · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels
Wang, W., Yang, X., Liang, J., Liao, M., Zhang, H., Qin, X., Mo, L., Lv, W., & Mo, Z. (2013) · Hormones · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1445 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Testosterone therapy, thrombosis, thrombophilia, cardiovascular events
Glueck, C. J., & Wang, P. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.05.005 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Association between tobacco exposure and reproductive parameters in adolescent males
Richthoff, J., Elzanaty, S., Rylander, L., Hagmar, L., & Giwercman, A. (2008) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00752.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Осадчук, Л. В., Kleshchev, M. A., & Осадчук, А. В. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1255304 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The mutagenic effect of tobacco smoke on male fertility
Omolaoye, T. S., Shahawy, O. E., Skosana, B. T., Boillat, T., Loney, T., & du Plessis, S. S. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16331-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Evaluation of the effects of cigarette smoking on testosterone levels in adult men
Halmenschlager, G., Rossetto, S., Lara, G. M., & Rhoden, E. L. (2009) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01227.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Eichholzer, M., Barbir, A., Basaria, S. S., Dobs, A. S., Feinleib, M., Güallar, E., Menke, A., Nelson, W. G., Rifai, N., Platz, E. A., et al. (2012) · The Aging Male · doi:10.3109/13685538.2012.705366 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mohan, S. S., Knuiman, M. W., Divitini, M. L., James, A. L., Musk, A. W., Handelsman, D. J., Beilin, J., Hunter, M., & Yeap, B. B. (2015) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12738 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Bruheim, K., Svartberg, J. B., Carlsen, E., Dueland, S., Haug, E., Skovlund, E., Tveit, K. M., & Guren, M. G. (2008) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.10.043 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationLow Testosterone: A Risk Marker Rather Than a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes
Holmboe, S. A., Jensen, T. K., Linneberg, A. R., Scheike, T., Thuesen, B. H., Skakkebæk, N. E., Juul, A., & Andersson, A. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1778 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Associations Between Sex Hormone Levels and Periodontitis in Men: Results From NHANES III
Steffens, J. P., Wang, X., Starr, J. R., Spolidório, L. C., Dyke, T. E. V., & Kantarcı, A. (2015) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2015.140530 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic–androgenic steroid use: A risk factor for dementia?
Kaufman, M. J., Kanayama, G., Hudson, J. I., & Pope, H. G. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.014 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vesper, H. W., Wang, Y., Vidal, M., Botelho, J. C., & Caudill, S. P. (2015) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2015.245969 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Holmboe, S. A., Vradi, E., Jensen, T. K., Linneberg, A., Husemoen, L. L. N., Scheike, T., Skakkebæk, N. E., Juul, A., & Andersson, A.-M. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2460 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Effect of current tobacco consumption on the male reproductive hormone profile
Muñoz, J. B., Lacasaña, M., & Aguilar-Garduño, C. (2012) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.071 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Digit ratio, nicotine and alcohol intake and national rates of smoking and alcohol consumption
Manning, J. T., & Fink, B. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.016 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Watts, E. L., Appleby, P. N., Albanes, D., Black, A., Chan, J. M., Chen, C., Cirillo, P. M., Cohn, B. A., Cook, M. B., Donovan, J., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187741 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fatigue and serum testosterone in obstructive sleep apnea patients
Bercea, R. M., Mihăescu, T., Cojocaru, C., & Bjorvatn, B. (2014) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/crj.12150 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Estimating causality between smoking and abdominal obesity by Mendelian randomization
Carrasquilla, G. D., García‐Ureña, M., Romero-Lado, M. J., & Kilpeläinen, T. O. (2024) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16454 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Reference intervals for serum testosterone, SHBG, LH and FSH in males from the NORIP project
Bjerner, J., Biernat, D., Fosså, S. D., & Bjøro, T. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365510903380886 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Testosterone, thrombophilia, thrombosis
Freedman, J., Glueck, C. J., Prince, M., Riaz, R., & Wang, P. (2015) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2014.12.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Tobacco Use: A Major Risk Factor of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Cho, S., Rehni, A. K., & Dave, K. R. (2021) · Journal of Stroke · doi:10.5853/jos.2020.04770 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Effect of smoking on reproductive hormones and semen parameters of infertile Saudi Arabians
Al-Turki, H. (2015) · Urology Annals · doi:10.4103/0974-7796.148621 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Androgens and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Svartberg, J. B. (2010) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3283369da6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationGuo, R., Wu, L., & Fu, Q. (2018) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-018-0452-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Santos, H. O., Cadegiani, F., & Forbes, S. C. (2022) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.06.006 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Influence of substance use on male reproductive health and offspring outcomes
Lo, J. O.-T., Hedges, J. C., Chou, W. H., Tager, K. R., Bachli, I., Hagen, O. L., Murphy, S. K., Hanna, C. B., & Easley, C. A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00868-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Prenatal and lactation nicotine exposure affects Sertoli cell and gonadotropin levels in rats
Paccola, C. C., & Miraglia, S. M. (2015) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-15-0135 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
FDX1 regulates leydig cell ferroptosis mediates PM2.5-induced testicular dysfunction of mice
Li, L., Pei, Z., Wu, R., Zhang, Y., Pang, Y., Hu, H., Hu, W., Geng, Z., Feng, T., Niu, Y., et al. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115309 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of prenatal and lactation nicotine exposure on rat testicular interstitial tissue
Paccola, C. C., Neves, F. M. O., Cipriano, I. M., Stumpp, T., & Miraglia, S. M. (2014) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00168.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Deng, C., Zhang, Z., Li, H., Bai, P., Cao, X., & Dobs, A. S. (2018) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685538.2018.1479387 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kumar, V., Banerjee, B. D., Datta, S. K., Yadav, C. S., Singh, S., Ahmed, R. S., & Gupta, S. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.081 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of Smoking Cessation on Hormonal Levels in Men
HRUŠKOVIČOVÁ, H., DUŠKOVÁ, M., ŠIMŮNKOVÁ, K., HILL, M., POSPÍŠILOVÁ, H., RÁCZ, B., KRÁLÍKOVÁ, E., VONDRA, K., & STÁRKA, L. (2013) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.932326 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Seasonal Variation of Testosterone Levels in a Large Cohort of Men
Zornitzki, T., Tshori, S., Shefer, G., Mingelgrin, S., Levy, C., & Knobler, H. (2022) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2022/6093092 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Late-onset hypogonadism in men. Experience from the Turku Male Ageing Study (TuMAS)
Huhtaniemi, I. T., Mäkinen, J. I., Perheentupa, A. H., & Raitakari, O. T. (2008) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1111036 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exercise intervention as a protective modulator against metabolic disorders in cigarette smokers
Al-Eisa, E. S., Alghadir, A. H., Gabr, S. A., & Iqbal, Z. A. (2016) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.28.983 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Liu, D., Ren, Y., Wu, T., Shen, H., Yan, P., Meng, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Bai, P., & Zhao, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1017046 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Peng, X., Gu, Y., Shang, X., Zhou, Y., Zhang, H., Zuo, L., Mei, G., Xiong, C., Li, H., et al. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202442 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mondul, A. M., Rohrmann, S., Menke, A., Feinleib, M., Nelson, W. G., Platz, E. A., & Albanes, D. (2011) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9753-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, L., Hu, W., Xia, Y., & Wang, X. (2017) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8407-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Testosterone deficiency and the aging male
Gryzinski, G. M., & Bernie, H. L. (2022) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-022-00555-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Smoking Status and Survival in Patients With Early-Stage Primary Cutaneous Melanoma
Jackson, K. M., Jones, P. C., Fluke, L. M., Fischer, T. D., Thompson, J. F., Cochran, A. J., Stern, S. L., Faries, M. B., Hoon, D. S. �., & Foshag, L. J. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.54751 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Steroid Spectrum During and After Quitting Smoking
JANDIKOVA, H., DUSKOVA, M., SIMUNKOVA, K., RACZ, B., HILL, M., KRALIKOVA, E., VONDRA, K., & STARKA, L. (2015) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933068 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Allan, C. A., Peverill, R. E., Strauss, B. J., Forbes, E. A., & McLachlan, R. I. (2011) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1038/aja.2011.13 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stability of testosterone measured in male archival serum samples by two different methods
Gislefoss, R. E., Grimsrud, T. K., Høie, K., & Mørkrid, L. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365513.2012.705888 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Leng, P., Gu, Y., Shang, X., Zhou, Y., Zhang, H., Zuo, L., Mei, G., Xiong, C., Wu, T., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04316-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Petersen, A. S., Kristensen, D. M., Westgate, C. S. J., Hansen, T. F., Lund, N. L. T., Barloese, M. C. J., Søborg, M.-L. K., Snoer, A. H., Johannsen, T. H., Frederiksen, H. W., et al. (2024) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26906 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Androgen Deficiency in Heart Failure
Güder, G., Allolio, B., Angermann, C. E., & Störk, S. (2011) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-011-0053-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Glueck, C. J., Lee, K., Prince, M., Jetty, V., Shah, P. K., & Wang, P. (2016) · Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports · doi:10.1177/2324709616661833 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Shah, S. S., Shah, M., Habib, S. H., Shah, F. A., & Malik, M. O. (2019) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13409 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liang, X., Cheng, S., Ye, J., Chu, X., Wen, Y. F., Liu, L., Qi, X., Jia, Y., & Zhang, F. (2021) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-020-00718-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effect of cigarette smoking on serum testosterone level among male smokers
Salam, M. A. A. E., Zaki, S., Mousa, M. S., & Motawi, A. T. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis · doi:10.4103/ejcdt.ejcdt_61_20 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Exposure to urban stressors and free testosterone plasma values
Sancini, A., Tomei, F., Tomei, G., Ciarrocca, M., Palermo, P., Gioffrè, P. A., Tasciotti, Z., Fiaschetti, M., Cetica, C., & Caciari, T. (2010) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-010-0598-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kurniawan, A. L., Hsu, C., Chao, J. C.-J., Lin, L.-Y., Paramastri, R., Lee, H.-A., Hsieh, N., & Wu, S. V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094925 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Higher testosterone is associated with open-angle glaucoma in women: a genetic predisposition?
Vergroesen, J. E., Kaynak, A., Aribas, E., Kavousi, M., van Meurs, J. B. J., Klaver, C. C. W., & Ramdas, W. D. (2023) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-023-00512-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chin, K., Soelaiman, I. N., Mohamed, I. N., Johari, M. H., & Ngah, W. Z. W. (2012) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.5812/ijem.3937 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tanji, F., Nanbu, H., Nishimoto, D., & Kawajiri, M. (2025) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241312836 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and progesterone and androgen metabolites in premenopausal women
Dušková, M., Šimůnková, K., Hill, M., Velíková, M., Kubátová, J., Hruškovičová, H., Pospíšilová, H., Rácz, B., Cirmanová, V., Králíková, E., et al. (2011) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci.2011.016 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pearce, M. S., Groom, A., Relton, C. L., Peaston, R., Pollard, T. M., & Francis, R. M. (2010) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21099 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Associations between physical activity and the androgenic/estrogenic status of men
Słowińska-Lisowska, M. R., Jóźków, P., & Medraś, M. (2010) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.931843 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Halpern, J. A., Fantus, R. J., Chang, C., Keeter, M. K., Helfand, B. T., Bennett, N., & Brannigan, R. E. (2020) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13542 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Water-pipe smoking and serum testosterone levels in adult males in Qatar
Haik, M. Y., Ashour, A. A., Alahmad, Y. M., Al‐Ishaq, F., Saad, M., Hussein, M., Mubarak, R. S., Mohamed, W., & Moustafa, A. A. (2019) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/99572 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mei, Y., Ji, N., Zhang, B., Xia, W., Feng, X., Xu, R., & Xue, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1395576 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gosai, J. N., Charalampidis, P., Nikolaidou, T., Parviz, Y., Morris, P., Channer, K. S., Jones, T. H., & Grech, E. D. (2016) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12189 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ye, Y., Liang, Q.-F., Li, J., Zheng, J.-B., Yu, X.-H., Zhang, S., Zhou, W., Shi, H., Liang, G.-Q., & Zhu, Q. (2021) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883211049044 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Association between serum cotinine and total testosterone in adult males based on NHANES 2011–2016
Liu, M., Gou, Y., Zou, B., Li, X., & Yang, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74482-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Testosterone-Optimizing Strategies in Athletes
Lazarev, A. M., Pujalte, G. G. A., Philibert, C., Meek, S., Broderick, G. A., Zapp, D. G., Mayo, M. R., & Hackney, A. C. (2026) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381251411933 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Synergistic Oxidative Effects of Smoking and Pesticides Exposure on Reproductive Male Sex Hormones
Saad‐Hussein, A., Shafik, M., Shahy, E. M., Seleem, M., & Asmaa Mohammed, M. (2018) · Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/jbs.2018.450.457 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zakiniaeiz, Y., Gueorguieva, R. V., Peltier, M. R., Verplaetse, T. L., Roberts, W., McKee, S. A., & Cosgrove, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1192740 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wu, Z., Bao, L., Wang, H., Zheng, J., Chen, Y., Wang, W., & Qiu, D. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27520 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Valenti, G., Capone, M., Forti, G., Grasso, M., Mirone, V. G., Chiaffarino, F., Ricci, E. D., Appiani, G., Corti, E., Fabbrica, D., et al. (2008) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685530701791262 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adolescent Personality Risk Factors for Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Misuse in Adult Men
Czaderny, K. (2020) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1741635 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zaman, G. S., Alshahrani, S. A. S. A.-S., Laskar, N. B., Hadadi, I., Alelyani, M., Adam, M., Babiker, M., Musa, M. J., Barua, P., & Mohammed, M. E. A. (2022) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s344904 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sexually dimorphic response to tobacco exposure in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chow, R., Pham, M. M., Cope, M., Wang, J., Ghasemi, R., Yang, S. S., Nguyen, D. L., Abdul, S. A., Sadh, S., Xiang, A. J., et al. (2026) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-025-04079-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, S., Feng, A., Peng, Y., Li, L., Huang, L., He, N., Zeng, M., & Lyu, J. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073527 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Anastassakis, K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_26 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Raphael, J. E., & Ekeke, O. N. (2024) · PubMed Central · doi:10.60787/nmj-62-6-66 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of Smoking on Hormones, Brain, and Behavior
Sidhartha, T., Poland, R. E., & Rao, U. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008088783-8.00108-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The interrelationship of sex steroid levels, body composition and bone characteristics in men
Lapauw, B. (2009) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)
Tabaco, supervivencia y recurrencia del cáncer de próstata
García, R. C. (2011) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s1134-2072(11)70248-1
Estimation of Total Testosterone levels in Sudanese Male Smoker
Bajouri, A. T. H., F, I. O., & Sabahelkhier, M. K. (2015) · Nova Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences · doi:10.20286/nova-jmbs-040243
cardiovascular disease and mortality in men. The Tromsø Study.
Vikan, T., Schirmer, H., Njølstad, I., & Svartberg, J. B. (2009)
Self-citationRole of Risk Factors Such as Smoking, Alcohol, and Substance Abuse on Sexual Health of Brazilian Men
Ros, C. T. D., & GRAZIOTTIN, T. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801299-4.00029-3
Uwarunkowania skłonności do palenia papierosów. Wyniki modelowania równań strukturalnych
Czaderny, K. (2017) · Studia Demograficzne · doi:10.33119/sd.2017.1.3
Vishnevsky, G., Sinnreich, R., Nassar, H., Merom, D., Ish‐Shalom, M., Kark, J. D., & Levine, H. (2022) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883221106060
Positive Effect of T/E2 Ratio Upshift on EGFR Mutation in AsianPreprint
Liu, H., & Liu, S. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4601311
Alkhayal, A. M., Mahzari, M. M., Alhammadi, A. S., Almutairi, R. R., Bafaqih, S. M., Alsultan, Z. M., Alqarni, S. S., & Alibrahim, A. R. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.50255
Association between Smoking and Symptoms of Late-Onset Hypogonadism in Korean Men
Jang, S. S., Cho, Y. J., Moon, H., Kim, H. J., Lee, G. H., & Kim, Y.-A. (2024) · Korean Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.21215/kjfp.2024.14.1.11
- Authors
- Svartberg, J., & Jorde, R.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of North Norway (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Svartberg, Johan
- ORCID
- Jorde, Rolf
- Venue
- International Journal of Andrology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-11-29
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 137-143
- ISSN
- 0105-6263 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2605
- OpenAlex
- W1999593787
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Andrology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- testosterone, smoking, free testosterone, total testosterone, cigarette smoking, coronary artery disease, confounding factor, hypogonadism, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, sex hormone-binding globulin, men, waist circumference
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Smoking, Testosterone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-05.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-05.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
