The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Resveratrol on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial
Abstract
CONTEXT: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting women of reproductive age. Hyperandrogenism is the central feature of PCOS. Studies on isolated ovarian theca-interstitial cells suggest that resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, reduces androgen production. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate endocrine and metabolic effects of resveratrol on PCOS. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a randomized (1:1) double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that evaluated the effects of resveratrol over a period of 3 months in an academic hospital. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Subjects with PCOS were identified according to the Rotterdam criteria. Thirty-four subjects were enrolled and 30 subjects completed the trial. Evaluations were performed at baseline and repeated after 3 months of treatment. INTERVENTION: Resveratrol (1,500 mg p.o.) or placebo were administered daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Primary outcome was the change in the serum total T. RESULTS: Resveratrol treatment led to a significant decrease of total T by 23.1% (P = .01). In parallel, resveratrol induced a 22.2% decrease of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (P = .01), a decrease of fasting insulin level by 31.8% (P = .007) and an increase of the Insulin Sensitivity Index (Matsuda and DeFronzo) by 66.3% (P = .04). Levels of gonadotropins, the lipid profile as well as markers of inflammation and endothelial function were not significantly altered. CONCLUSIONS: Resveratrol significantly reduced ovarian and adrenal androgens. This effect may be, at least in part, related to an improvement of insulin sensitivity and a decline of insulin level.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a randomized placebo-controlled trial, treatment with 1500 mg daily of resveratrol significantly decreased testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate excess by ~23% in PCOS women over a period of 3 months [138].”
From Mediterranean diet nutrients to turn the tide against insulin resistance and related diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [138]
Citations
Cites
(2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004 · Cited by 9,050
Matsuda, M., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462 · Cited by 5,621
Katz, A., Nambi, S. S., Mather, K., Baron, A. D., Follmann, D. A., Sullivan, G., & Quon, M. J. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.7.6661 · Cited by 3,931 · cited 1×
“Evaluation of insulin sensitivity using fasting measures used the method described by Katz et al (22): Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) 1/[log(fasting insulin) log (fasting glucose)].”
MethodInsulin Resistance and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Mechanism and Implications for Pathogenesis
Dunaif, A. E. (1997) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.18.6.0318 · Cited by 2,776
The Prevalence and Features of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in an Unselected Population
Azziz, R., Woods, K. S., Reyna, R., Key, T. J., Knochenhauer, E. S., & Yıldız, B. O. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032046 · Cited by 2,715
March, W. A., Moore, V. M., Willson, K. J., Phillips, D. I. W., Norman, R. J., & Davies, M. J. (2010) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dep399 · Cited by 1,799
Asunción, M., Calvo, R. M., Millán, J. L. S., Sancho, J., Ávila, S., & Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.7.6682 · Cited by 1,328
Diamanti‐Kandarakis, E., Kouli, C., Bergiele, A. T., Filandra, F. A., Tsianateli, T. C., Spina, G., Zapanti, E. D., & Bartzis, M. I. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.11.6148 · Cited by 1,107
Wild, R. A., Carmina, E., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Dokras, A., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Futterweit, W., Lobo, R., Norman, R. J., Talbott, E., & Dumesic, D. A. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2724 · Cited by 1,010
Nelson, V. L., Legro, R. S., Strauss, J. F., & McAllister, J. M. (1999) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.13.6.0311 · Cited by 556
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–173 of 173
Resveratrol activates MAPK/ERK pathway to regulate oestrogen metabolism in type I endometrial cancer
Wáng, Q., Zhou, J.-Y., Liu, L., Yin, Z., Li, Y.-Y., Wang, M., Zhang, J., Lu, H. J., Zhou, X., & Zhang, B. (2024) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04509-y · Cited by 9
Kumbhar, P., Chavan, R., Darekar, S., Kolekar, K. A., Sequeira, A., Vishwas, S., Gupta, G., Paudel, K. R., Singh, S. K., Dua, K., et al. (2024) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03578-7 · Cited by 10
Polycystic ovary syndrome in Latin American populations: What is known and what remains unresolved
Abruzzese, G. A., Velázquez, M. E., Cerrone, G. E., & Motta, A. B. (2022) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106195 · Cited by 13
Plant molecules and their influence on health and female reproduction
Sirotkin, A. V., & Kolesárová, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824292-6.00004-0 · Cited by 10
Resveratrol Effects on Metabolic Syndrome Features: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Batista-Jorge, G. C., Barcala-Jorge, A. S., Lelis, D. D. F., Santos, D. E. O., Jorge, A. H. B., Monteiro-Júnior, R. S., & Santos, S. H. S. (2024) · Endocrines · doi:10.3390/endocrines5020016 · Cited by 10
Uluğ, E., & Açıkgöz, A. (2023) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-023-00488-7 · Cited by 9
Chen, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Li, J., Xiong, W.-Q., Li, T., Ding, H., & Li, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1294339 · Cited by 10
SIRT1 and antioxidants in infertile females: Exploration of the role of vitamin D
Alam, F., Shahid, M., Riffat, S., Zulkipli, I. N., Syed, F., Ashraf, M., & Rehman, R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287727 · Cited by 7
Wu, X., Yi, W., & Liu, X. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14010213 · Cited by 6
Could polyphenols be an effective treatment in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome?
Irmak, E., Şanlıer, N. T., & Şanlıer, N. (2024) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000802 · Cited by 8
Corrie, L., Singh, S. K., Gulati, M., Awasthi, A., Khursheed, R., Kaur, J., & Vishwas, S. (2022) · Current Women s Health Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573404818666220329123334 · Cited by 6
Oxidative stress responses in Ehrlichia -induced sepsis: mechanisms and implications in pathogenesis
Sharma, A. K., & Ismail, N. (2025) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00499-25 · Cited by 5
Rahman, A., Jalouli, M., Al-Zharani, M. M., & Harrath, A. H. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15030319 · Cited by 7
Jian, X., Shi, C., Xu, T., Liu, B., Zhou, L., Jiang, L., & Liu, K. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2024.2440063 · Cited by 5
Wang, R., Miao, C., Chen, Y., Zhao, Y., Yang, L., Cheng, W., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2022.2148648 · Cited by 5
Circulating microparticles as indicators of cardiometabolic risk in PCOS
Yalameha, B., Nejabati, H. R., & Nouri, M. (2022) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2022.06.019 · Cited by 5
Pirković, A., Krivokuća, M. J., Vilotić, A., Nacka-Aleksić, M., Bojić‐Trbojević, Ž., & Dekanski, D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010500 · Cited by 5
Impact of Reducing Obesity in PCOS: Methods and Treatment Outcomes
Dzienny, A. C., & Seifer, D. B. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15110518 · Cited by 6
Zahra, M., Shah, M., Ahmad, F., Zulfiqar, F., Tariq, A., & Iqbal, N. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04495-z · Cited by 4
KOTUSIEWICZ, W., SIEKIERKO, N., ŻOŁNIEREK, M., Lubczyńska, Z., POPRAVKO, Y., ŚWIĘTOCHOWSKI, J., Lewandowski, M. M., & Bienia, G. (2023) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.13.04.037 · Cited by 8
Optimizing Nutrition for PCOS Management: A Comprehensive Guide
Pandey, M., & Niroula, K. (2024) · Obstetrics and gynecology. · doi:10.5772/intechopen.114149 · Cited by 4
Natural Chemical Constituents and Polymer Used in to Reduce PCOS Pain
Sarwade, P. P., Dhanasree, B., Gaisamudre, K. N., Kumar, R., Banerjee, A., Dubey, S. A., Otia, M. K., & Kumar, V. (2025) · Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology · doi:10.55544/jrasb.4.1.10 · Cited by 5
Sun, J.-N., Yang, R., Fang, L., Li, Y.-J., Xing, W.-Y., Sun, M., Wu, L., Wu, Q., & Gong, T.-T. (2026) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-026-01319-5 · Cited by 3
Nandagopal, P. B., Jayakrishnan, G., Kaithamattathil, A. V., & Manickam, V. (2026) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2026.1821411 · Cited by 3
Sajjadi‐Jazi, S. M., Sanginabadi, M., Moradi, B., Taheri, A. P. H., Amouei, M., Qorbani, M., Hosseini, S., Gity, M., Mohajeri‐Tehrani, M. R., Taheri, S. V., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1155/2024/6479885 · Cited by 3
Therapeutic Targets and Drug Leads for Reproductive Health
Premrajan, P., & Variyar, E. J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9183-9_18 · Cited by 3
Street, M. E., Casadei, F., Bari, E. R. D., Ferraboschi, F., Montani, A. G., Mele, M. L., Shulhai, A.-M., & Esposito, S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17091487 · Cited by 3
Yu, S., Zhang, X., Sun, T., Wang, D., & Wei, Z. (2023) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-022-08185-4 · Cited by 2
Önder, A., Yılmaz, Ö. D., Çınar, A. S., & Kızılay, H. (2024) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815196801124030003 · Cited by 3
The impact of food and nutraceuticals on human fertility
Farina, M., Maugeri, A., Rapisarda, A., & Navarra, M. (2025) · Food Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.fnutr.2025.100021 · Cited by 2
Ardehjani, N. A., Aghahosseini, M., Nashtaei, M. S., Khodarahmian, M., Ebrahimi, S. S. S., Bagheri, M. H., Fereidouni, F., Rastegar, T., & Amidi, F. (2025) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-025-01967-8 · Cited by 2
Debnath, B., Nath, R., Das, J., Chaudhary, P., Dewan, D., Paul, D., Patel, A., Islam, A., Sridhar, S. B., Panigrahy, U. P., et al. (2026) · Health Nanotechnology · doi:10.1186/s44301-026-00030-y · Cited by 2
Mali, K., Zhang, D., Bazina, L., Ou, K., Абрамова, Е. В., Zhang, J., Zhan, T., Pattarawat, P., Moularas, C., Zhang, C., et al. (2026) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1021/ehp.6c00189 · Cited by 2
Татарчук, Т. Ф., Tutchenko, T. М., & Бурка, О. А. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.103808 · Cited by 2
Koshevoy, V., Naumenko, S. V., Zhukova, I. O., & Оробченко, О. Л. (2024) · Bulletin Veterinary biotechnology · doi:10.31073/vet_biotech44-04 · Cited by 1
Singh, S., Rana, M., Rajput, S. K., Mishra, R. K., Mishra, S., & Arya, V. (2026) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101371 · Cited by 2
Amer, N. A., Aldababseh, S. B., Gawad, D. A. H. A., Abdelsadek, M. M., Gouda, R. A., & Kinki, A. B. (2026) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-026-02075-0 · Cited by 1
Zhang, Q., Li, H., Meng, Y., Zhao, W., Li, W., Dai, C., Li, B., Cheng, J., Yang, J., Hu, J. B., et al. (2026) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.70374 · Cited by 1
Anatomy and Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
Yeoh, P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99817-6_34 · Cited by 1
Obesity, Dysmetabolic and Proinflammatory Milieu of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Morong, J. J., & González, F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92589-5_9 · Cited by 1
Role of Statins and Resveratrol in PCOS Management
Sokalska, A., Ortega, I., & Dulęba, A. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92589-5_13 · Cited by 1
Androgens and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Cardozo, L. L. Y., Huffman, A. M., Pruett, J. E., & Romero, D. G. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.96005 · Cited by 1
Modern opportunities and prospects for preserving woman’s health
Kondratiuk, V., Kondratiuk, K. O., Gasparyan, K. A., Gorban, N. Y., Trokhymovych, О. V., Dzuba, G. A., & Zachurdaeva, L. D. (2022) · Reproductive health of woman · doi:10.30841/2708-8731.5.2022.265470 · Cited by 1
Is it too early to deny resveratrol supplementation in embryo transfer cycles?
Huang, J., & Kuang, Y. (2019) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.04.016 · Cited by 1
Hassan, S., Shah, M., Malik, M. O., Ehtesham, E., Habib, H., & Rauf, B. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1341510/v1 · Cited by 1
Taheri, A. P. H., Moradi, B., Radmard, A. R., Sanginabadi, M., Qorbani, M., Mohajeri‐Tehrani, M. R., Shirzad, N., Hosseini, S., Hekmatdoost, A., Asadi, S., et al. (2019) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.19190/v1 · Cited by 1
Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung
(2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-23571-9.00009-2
Nutrient-Induced Inflammation - A Concept for Novel Therapies in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
Schultes, B., & Popovic, M. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa304
Zoltán, K. I., Kun, I., & Kolcsár, M. (2019) · Orvostudományi Értesítö · doi:10.2478/orvtudert-2019-0016
PCOS: komplementärmedizinische Behandlungsoptionen bei Mädchen und jungen Frauen
Bitschnau, M. (2021) · Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Österreich · doi:10.1007/s41974-021-00202-x
Şarman, G., Dayanıklı, P. B., & Codron, C. (2021) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.717
Frauengesundheit – Frauenmedizin
(2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-23571-9.09981-8
Ernährung zur Prävention gynäkologischer Erkrankungen
Kiechle, M. B. (2023) · Die Gynäkologie · doi:10.1007/s00129-023-05159-w
Waris, G., Ahmed, A., Badar, R., Hafeez, S., & Khan, H. A. (2023) · Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.53555/jptcp.v30i19.3641
A Detailed Overview of the Role of Resveratrol in Feminine Care: Multiple Health Care Benefits
Pal, R. S., Pal, Y., Chaitanya, M., & Salahuddin, S. (2024) · Current Drug Therapy · doi:10.2174/0115748855274909231221064302
Research Progress on Regulatory Effects and Related Mechanism of Resveratrol on PCOS
刘, 莹. (2024) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2024.14102631
Research Progress on Treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
郭, 琴. (2025) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2025.15113159
Protective effects of nutritional and polyphenolic supplementation in polycystic ovarian syndromes
Joshi, S., Munjal, K., Saxena, G., & Chitme, H. R. (2025) · Advances in Biomarker Sciences and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.abst.2025.12.005
Wang, Q., Zhou, J.-Y., Liu, L., Yin, Z., Li, Y.-Y., Wang, M., Zhang, J.-B., Lu, H., Zhou, X., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26019610
Yan, S., Gao, Z., Ding, J., Chen, S., Wang, Z., Jin, W., Qu, B., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Guo, D., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26637024
Rambaran, N., & Islam, M. S. (2026) · Interdisciplinary biotechnological advances · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3612-2_8
Kumari, K., Chaitanya, M. V. N. L., Kalia, S., Patle, D., Singh, S., & Mazumder, A. (2026) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-026-02061-3
Ghafoor, U., Khalid, M., Saleem, H., Huda, N. U., Butt, A. Q., Tariq, A., Eman, N. U., & Rafiq, S. (2025) · doi:10.61748/apit.2025/17
Gogoi, H., Vijayan, D., Dubey, J., & Gairola, N. (2026) · Journal of Natural Remedies · doi:10.18311/jnr/2026/52779
Translating Resveratrol Research: A Systematic Review on Patents and Clinical Trials (2000–2025)
Kaurav, M., Ghai, R., Pal, N., & Nagarajan, K. (2026) · The Open Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.2174/0118740707407791260409045456
Khodarahmi, M., Askari, G., Vajdi, M., Mokari‐Yamchi, A., Tehrani, H. G., Kalatehjari, M., & Ghavami, A. (2026) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.70201
El-Sehrawy, A. A., Aljumaili, O. I., Baig, M. R., Nematov, O., Sapaev, I., Badr, I. H., Smerat, A., & Basunduwah, T. S. (2026) · Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2026.121197
Diet and Physical Activity as a Cornerstone in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Critical Review
Aishwarya, C. V., Preetha, N., & Dhanalakshmi (2026) · Journal of Natural Remedies · doi:10.18311/jnr/2026/49681
Therapeutic potential of natural products in polycystic ovary syndrome
Bai, C., & Liu, J. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12324-6
UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF RESVERATROL IN MANAGING POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Bhaskaran, D., ANGAPPAN, S., & SEBASTIAN, S. (2026) · INDIAN DRUGS · doi:10.53879/id.63.06.15459
Hou, R., Hu, X., Guo, D., Ren, J., & Meng, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl50398
Toxicity of Some Natural Products in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Gomes, K. N. F., Galvão, R. M. D. S., von Ranke, N. L., Rodrigues, C. R., Pereira, C. D. S. F., Pereira, J. S., Silva, M. A. R. E., de Oliveira, B. B., Carneiro, J. A. D. S. O., jardim, G. E., et al. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16081319
Resveratrol as a Modulator of Reproductive Toxicity: Evidence and Mechanistic Perspectives
Anandakumar, P., & Sen, N. (2026) · Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods · doi:10.1080/15376516.2026.2751576
Metadata
- Authors
- Banaszewska, B., Wrotyńska-Barczyńska, J., Spaczynski, R. Z., Pawelczyk, L., & Duleba, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4322-4328
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2532986090
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 13.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Keywords
- resveratrol, polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperandrogenism, serum total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, insulin sensitivity, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor I, ovarian androgen production, adrenal androgens, lipid profile, inflammation, endothelial function
- MeSH terms
- Resveratrol, Adult, Antioxidants, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Stilbenes, Testosterone, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review