Alemtuzumab-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction Exhibits Distinctive Clinical and Immunological Features
Open accessAbstract
Context: Alemtuzumab, a highly effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), predisposes to Graves disease (GD), with a reportedly indolent course. Objective: To determine the type, frequency, and course of thyroid dysfunction (TD) in a cohort of alemtuzumab-treated patients with MS in the United Kingdom. Design: Case records of alemtuzumab-treated patients who developed TD were reviewed. Results: A total of 41.1% (102 out of 248; 80 female and 22 male) of patients developed TD, principally GD (71.6%). Median onset was 17 months (range 2 to 107) following the last dose, with the majority (89%) within 3 years. Follow-up data (range 6 to 251 months) were available in 71 case subjects, of whom 52 (73.2%) developed GD: 10 of these (19.2%) had fluctuating TD. All 52 patients with GD commenced antithyroid drugs (ATDs): 3 required radioiodine (RAI) due to ATD side effects, and drug therapy is ongoing in 2; of those who completed a course, 16 are in remission, 1 developed spontaneous hypothyroidism, and 30 (64%) required definitive or long-term treatment (RAI, n = 17; thyroidectomy, n = 5; and long-term ATDs, n = 8). Three cases of thyroiditis and 16 cases of hypothyroidism were documented: 5 with antithyroid peroxidase antibody positivity only, 10 with positive TSH receptor antibody (TRAb), and 1 of uncertain etiology. Bioassay confirmed both stimulating and blocking TRAb in a subset of fluctuating GD cases. Conclusions: Contrary to published literature, we recorded frequent occurrence of GD that required definitive or prolonged ATD treatment. Furthermore, fluctuating thyroid status in GD and unexpectedly high frequency of TRAb-positive hypothyroidism suggested changing activity of TRAb in this clinical context; we have documented the existence of both blocking and stimulating TRAb in these patients.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Thyroid dysfunction frequently occurs as an autoimmune complication of immune reconstitution therapy, especially in individuals with multiple sclerosis treated with alemtuzumab.
“Thyroid dysfunction (TD) frequently occurs as an autoimmune complication of immune reconstitution therapy (IRT), especially in individuals with multiple sclerosis treated with alemtuzumab, a pan-lymphocyte depleting drug with subsequent recovery of immune cell numbers.”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
In both alemtuzumab-induced TD and HIV/HAART patients, the commonest disorder is Graves' disease, followed by hypothyroidism and thyroiditis.
“In both alemtuzumab-induced TD and HIV/HAART patients, the commonest disorder is Graves' disease (GD), followed by hypothyroidism and thyroiditis; Graves' orbitopathy is observed in some GD patients.”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Around one-third of patients with no previous history of thyroid disorders will develop TD following alemtuzumab.
“Around one-third of patients with no previous history of thyroid disorders will develop TD following alemtuzumab [12-14]”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Thyroid dysfunction onset after alemtuzumab for MS has been described at 16-23 months (range 2-107 months) after the last treatment.
“The TD onset has been described 32 months (average) or 16-23 months (range 2-107 months) after the first and last alemtuzumab treatment for MS, respectively [12-14]”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Thyroid dysfunction onset after alemtuzumab for MS has been described at an average of 32 months after the first treatment.
“The TD onset has been described 32 months (average) or 16-23 months (range 2-107 months) after the first and last alemtuzumab treatment for MS, respectively [12-14]”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
A number of patients developed thyroid dysfunction but remained antibody negative.
“Similarly, a number of patients developed TD but remained antibody negative [12, 13].”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Late cases of thyroid dysfunction have rarely been reported up to 9 years after the last alemtuzumab dose.
“However, late cases (rarely) of TD have been reported up to 9 years after the last alemtuzumab dose [12].”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Around 85-100% of patients with alemtuzumab-induced Graves' disease have positive TRAb.
“Around 85-100% of patients with alemtuzumab-induced GD have positive TRAb [12, 13].”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
The presence of both blocking and stimulating TRAb was demonstrated in a subset of patients with fluctuating Graves' disease.
“the presence of both blocking and stimulating TRAb was demonstrated in a subset of these [12].”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Pariani et al. reported a high requirement (64%) for long-term ATD, RAI or surgery, compared with approximately 50% in conventional Graves' disease.
“Pariani et al. [12] reported a high requirement (64%) for long-term ATD, RAI or surgery, compared with approximately 50% in conventional GD [80].”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Other studies did not report spontaneous resolution of post-IRT Graves' disease.
“while others did not [12, 77].”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
The difference in reported spontaneous resolution may be related to differences in the definition of thyroid dysfunction: persistent for ≥ 3 months in Pariani et al. versus present on one occasion in Daniels et al.
“This difference may be related to differences in the definition of TD: persistent for ≥ 3 months in Pariani et al. [12] versus present on one occasion in Daniels et al. [13].”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
A recent study described a 13% Graves' orbitopathy prevalence among 52 post-alemtuzumab Graves' disease patients.
“A recent study described a 13% GO prevalence among 52 post-alemtuzumab GD patients, particularly severe in 2 cases (both non-smokers), and possibly linked to RAI treatment without steroid cover in one individual [12].”
From 2019 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Dysfunction following Immune Reconstitution Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Coles, A. J., Twyman, C. L., Arnold, D. L., Cohen, J. A., Confavreux, C., Fox, E. J., Hartung, H.-P., Havrdova, E., Selmaj, K. W., Weiner, H. L., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61768-1 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Self-citationAlemtuzumab vs. Interferon Beta-1a in Early Multiple Sclerosis
The CAMMS Trial Investigators (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0802670 · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis
Coles, A. J., Wing, M., Smith, S., Coraddu, F., Greer, S., Taylor, C., Weetman, A., Hale, G., Chatterjee, V. K., Waldmann, H., et al. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)02429-0 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationAlemtuzumab CARE-MS II 5-year follow-up: Efficacy and safety findings
Coles, A. J., Cohen, J. A., Fox, E. J., Giovannoni, G., Hartung, H.-P., Havrdova, E., Schippling, S., Selmaj, K. W., Traboulsee, A., Compston, D. A. S., et al. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000004354 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationAntithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves’ hyperthyroidism
Abraham, P., Avenell, A., McGeoch, S. C., Clark, L. F., & Bevan, J. S. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003420.pub4 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
McLachlan, S. M., & Rapoport, B. (2013) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0374 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis: long-term safety and efficacy
Tuohy, O., Costelloe, L., Hill-Cawthorne, G., Bjornson, I., Harding, K., Robertson, N., May, K., Button, T., Azzopardi, L., Kousin-Ezewu, O., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-307721 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationAlemtuzumab CARE-MS I 5-year follow-up: Durable efficacy in the absence of continuous MS therapy
Havrdova, E., Arnold, D. L., Cohen, J. A., Hartung, H.-P., Fox, E. J., Giovannoni, G., Schippling, S., Selmaj, K. W., Traboulsee, A., Compston, D. A. S., et al. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000004313 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationAutoimmune disease after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis in a multicenter cohort
Cossburn, M., Pace, A. A., Jones, J., Ali, R., Ingram, G., Baker, K., Hirst, C., Zajicek, J., Scolding, N., Boggild, M., et al. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318228bec5 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman autoimmunity after lymphocyte depletion is caused by homeostatic T-cell proliferation
Jones, J., Thompson, S. A. J., Loh, P., Davies, J. L., Tuohy, O., Curry, A. J., Azzopardi, L., Hill-Cawthorne, G. A., Fahey, M. T., Compston, A., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1313654110 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationLong term lymphocyte reconstitution after alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis
Hill-Cawthorne, G. A., Button, T., Tuohy, O., Jones, J., May, K., Somerfield, J., Green, A. J. E., Giovannoni, G., Compston, D. A. S., Fahey, M. T., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2011-300826 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationDaniels, G. H., Vladic, A., Brinar, V., Zavalishin, I., Valente, W., Oyuela, P., Palmer, J., & Margolin, D. H. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2201 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Chen, F., Day, S. L., Metcalfe, R. A., Sethi, G., Kapembwa, M. S., Brook, M. G., Churchill, D., de Ruiter, A., Robinson, S., Lacey, C. J., et al. (2005) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.md.0000159082.45703.90 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Jubault, V., Penfornis, A., Schillo, F., Hoen, B., Izembart, M., Timsit, J., Kazatchkine, M. D., Gilquin, J., & Viard, J. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.11.6988 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Kahaly, G. J., Diana, T., Glang, J., Kanitz, M., Pitz, S., & König, J. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1220 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Autoimmunity following haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation
Daikeler, T. D., & Tyndall, A. (2007) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology · doi:10.1016/j.beha.2006.09.008 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Immune reconstitution syndrome and the thyroid
Weetman, A. (2009) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2009.07.003 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Development of a Luminescent Bioassay for Thyroid Stimulating Antibodies
Evans, C., Morgenthaler, N. G., Lee, S., Llewellyn, D. H., Clifton-Bligh, R. J., John, R., Lazarus, J. H., Chatterjee, K., & Ludgate, M. E. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.1.5532 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationTun, N. N., Beckett, G. J., Zammitt, N. N., Strachan, M. W. J., Seckl, J. R., & Gibb, F. W. (2016) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0017 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Takeda, K., Takamatsu, J., KASAGI, K., Sakane, S., Ikegami, Y., Isotani, H., Majima, T., Majima, M., Kitaoka, H., Iida, Y., et al. (1988) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1988.tb03664.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Weetman, A. P. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12427 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Graves’ disease after treatment with Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis
Tsourdi, E. A., Grüber, M., Rauner, M., Blankenburg, J., Ziemssen, T., & Hofbauer, L. C. (2014) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1501 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A luminescent bioassay for thyroid blocking antibodies
Jordan, N., Rinderle, C., Ashfield, J., Morgenthaler, N. G., Lazarus, J. H., Ludgate, M. E., & Evans, C. (2001) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01193.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mendes, D., Alves, C., & Marques, F. B. (2016) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0377-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Greenwood, J., Gorman, S. D., Routledge, E. G., LLOYD, I. S., & Waldmann, H. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hyperthyroidism: aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis
Wiersinga, W. M., Poppe, K. G., & Effraimidis, G. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00005-0 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Current concepts regarding Graves’ orbitopathy
Bartalena, L., & Tanda, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13524 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Burch, H. B. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1901214 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Drugs That Induce or Cause Deterioration of Myasthenia Gravis: An Update
Sheikh, S., Alvi, U., Soliven, B. C., & Rezania, K. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10071537 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Muller, I., Moran, C., Lecumberri, B., Decallonne, B., Robertson, N., Jones, J., & Dayan, C. M. (2019) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000500881 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“IRT-induced TA has a late and variable onset, typically occurring 16–23 months after the last alemtuzumab treatment for MS [12– 14], 8–33 months after the commencement of HAART in HIV patients [15–21], and 2.5–4.3 years post BMT [22].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDwivedi, S. N., Kalaria, T., & Buch, H. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp-2022-208290 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid events in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Scappaticcio, L., Castellana, M., Virili, C., Bellastella, G., Centanni, M., Cannavò, S., Campennì, A., Ruggeri, R. M., Giovanella, L., & Trimboli, P. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-019-01105-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Anticancer Drug-induced Thyroid Dysfunction
Bhattacharya, S., Goyal, A., Kaur, P., Medanta, T. M., Singh, R. K., & Kalra, S. (2020) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2020.16.1.32 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab: A Review in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Syed, Y. Y. (2020) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01437-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
McDermott, M. T. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/aitc202004070 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Muller, I., Willis, M., Healy, S., Nasser, T., Loveless, S., Butterworth, S., Zhang, L., Draman, M. S., Taylor, P. N., Robertson, N., et al. (2018) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2018.0232 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Meaning of Immune Reconstitution after Alemtuzumab Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis
Rolla, S., Maglione, A., Mercanti, S. F. D., & Clerico, M. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9061396 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vanoli, F., & Mantegazza, R. (2022) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01181-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Monoclonal Antibodies for Multiple Sclerosis: An Update
Graf, J., Aktaş, O., Rejdak, K., & Hartung, H. (2019) · BioDrugs · doi:10.1007/s40259-018-0327-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A real‐world study of alemtuzumab in a cohort of Italian patients
Russo, C. V., Saccà, F., Frau, J., Annovazzi, P. O. L., Signoriello, E., Bonavita, S., Grasso, R., Clerico, M., Cordioli, C., Laroni, A., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15121 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The antigenic link between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer
Muller, I., & Barrett-Lee, P. J. (2019) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.013 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationRoos, J. C. P., Moran, C., Chatterjee, K., Jones, J., Coles, A. J., & Murthy, R. (2018) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-018-0282-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationAutoimmune thyroid disease following treatment with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis
Alamo, A., Condorelli, R. A., Vignera, S. L., & Calogero, A. E. (2019) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/2058738419843690 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sovetkina, A., Nadir, R., Scalfari, A., Tona, F., Murphy, K. G., Rigoni, E., Dorsey, R., Malik, O., Nandoskar, A., Singh‐Curry, V., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa453 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
An update on the safety of treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Chisari, C. G., Toscano, S., D’Amico, E., Fermo, S. L., Zanghì, A., Arena, S., Zappia, M., & Patti, F. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2019.1658741 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kazakou, P., Tzanetakos, D., Vakrakou, A. G., Tzartos, J. S., Evangelopoulos, Μ.-E., Anagnostouli, M. C., Stathopoulos, P., Kassi, G., Stefanis, L., Kilidireas, C., et al. (2023) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10238-022-00981-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yap, S. M., Dillon, M., Crowley, R. K., & McGuigan, C. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/2055217320933928 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ueland, G. Å., Ueland, H. O., Stokland, A. M., Bhan, A., Schønberg, A., Sollid, S. T., Morgas, D. E., Holmøy, T., Lima, K., Methlie, P., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad540 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab induces severe orbitopathy in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Gómez, P. R. D. V., Muros, M. M., Cuadro, A. T., de Miera, F. J. T. S., Ruiz, R. L., Vázquez, R. G., González, J. J. G., Hermosilla, A. M. G., & Hernández, T. M. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11995-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Manso, J., Zhu, Y. H., Margoni, M., Rinaldi, F., Censi, S., Carducci, S., Cosma, C., Plebani, M., Gallo, P., & Mian, C. (2021) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14616 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gómez, P. R. D. V., García-González, J. J., Ravé, R., Ruiz, R. L., Cuadro, A. T., Eichau-Madueño, S., García-García, C., & Hernández, T. M. (2022) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-022-01832-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dayan, C. M., Beatriz Lecumberri, S., Muller, I., Ganesananthan, S., Hunter, S. F., Selmaj, K. W., Hartung, H., Havrdová, E., LaGanke, C. C., Ziemssen, T., et al. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173221142741 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Complex Web of Interferences with Thyroid Function Tests
Al-Bahadili, H., Powers Carson, J., Markov, A., & Jasim, S. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2024.10.007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Clinical management of alemtuzumab-induced autoimmune thyroid diseases: a narrative review
Manso, J., Muller, I., & Mian, C. (2025) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-25-0007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune‐Mediated Hepatitis Induced by Therapy With Alemtuzumab in a Patient With Multiple Sclerosis
Bolte, F. J., Schmidt, H., & Schlevogt, B. (2020) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.31435 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Yang, L., Li, R., Bahn, R. S., Guan, H., & Zhou, H. (2026) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-026-00435-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid disease: A Danish cohort study
Hansen, J. F., Magyari, M., Rasmussen, Å. K., Sellebjerg, F. T., & Feldt‐Rasmussen, U. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105880 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impact of High-Efficacy Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis on B Cells
Galota, F., Marcheselli, S., Biasi, S. D., Gibellini, L., Vitetta, F., Fiore, A., Smolik, K., Napoli, G. D., Cardi, M., Cossarizza, A., et al. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14080606 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hammerstad, S. S., Celius, E. G., Husby, H., Sørensen, I. M., & Norheim, I. (2021) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab044 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Garrahy, A., Murphy, N., & Byrne, M. M. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02435 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid eye disease successfully treated with a single low-dose of rituximab
Muller, I., Maioli, S., Armenti, M., PORCARO, L. L., Currò, N., Iofrida, E. F., Pignataro, L., Manso, J., Mian, C., Geginat, J., et al. (2024) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-23-0236 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationIgG4-related autoimmune manifestations in Alemtuzumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients
Vakrakou, A. G., Tzanetakos, D., Evangelopoulos, M., Fragoulis, G. E., Kazakou, P., Lekka, E., Kafasi, N., Tzartos, J. S., Andreadou, E., Koutsis, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577759 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Moli, R. L., Russo, M., Malandrino, P., Vella, V., Belfiore, A., & Frasca, F. (2020) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-020-00215-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Thakar, R., Gajewska‐Knapik, K., Ogilvy‐Stuart, A., Chatterjee, K., & Moran, C. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02593 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, J., Sun, Y., Zhou, X., Zhang, D., Xu, Z., Cao, J., & Fan, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343971 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mandava, M., Lew, J., Tisdale, J. F., Limerick, E. M., Fitzhugh, C. D., & Hsieh, M. M. (2023) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvad134 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bartalena, L., Gallo, D., & Tanda, M. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23947-2.00071-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Goischke, H.-K. (2019) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s188941 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Endocrine Consequences of Childhood Cancer Therapy and Transition Considerations
Yu, C. Y. (2019) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20190729-02 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lane, L. C., Pearce, S. H. S., & Mitchell, A. L. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00070-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A real-life study of alemtuzumab in persons with multiple sclerosis: Kuwait's experience
Alroughani, R., AlMojel, M., Al-Hashel, J. Y., & Ahmed, S. F. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104712 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sandgren, S., Novakova, L., Axelsson, M., Amirbeagi, F., Kockum, I. S., Olsson, T. P., Malmeström, C., & Lycke, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1137665 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
New autoimmune disorder development after immune reconstitution therapy for multiple sclerosis
Giedraitienė, N., Kizlaitienė, R., & Kaubrys, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82196-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dominus effect: challenging complications of alemtuzumab-related thyroid autoimmunity
Bianco, A. D., Nicoletti, T. F., Traini, E., Giacomo, P. D., Gatto, V. D., Lucchini, M., Rota, C. A., & Massimiliano Mirabella, A. (2020) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01204-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab-Induced Autoimmune Thyroid Dysfunction
Ragavan, S., Elhelw, O., Majeed, W., Kyriacou, A., & Syed, A. A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.22751 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Management of alemtuzumab-induced Graves’ disease in pregnancy: a case report and literature review
Teliti, M., Gallo, M., Costa, P., Chytiris, S., Magri, F., & Rotondi, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1722459 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Advances in preventing adverse events during monoclonal antibody management of multiple sclerosis
Giglio, L. D., Grimaldi, A. E., Fubelli, F., Marinelli, F., & Pozzilli, C. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1610393 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sherfan, J., Samad, N., Hsieh, A., Sullivan, D. J., & Fuller, P. J. (2023) · AACE Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aace.2023.02.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yue, H., Shah, S. B., Modzelewski, K. L., Knobel, M., Copeli, F., & Kao, L. E. (2023) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000378 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thyroid dysfunction following immune reconstitution therapy
Mel'nichenko, G. A., Глибка, А. А., & Демичева, О. Ю. (2020) · Clinical and experimental thyroidology · doi:10.14341/ket12225 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Microbiome as an Endocrine Organ
Masetti, G. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00118-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Optic Neuritis in the New Millennium
Hoffman, C., Tang, R., AlRyalat, S. A., Deyabat, O. A., Alchaki, A. R., & Lee, A. G. (2024) · TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research · doi:10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_39_24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Case Reports of Teprotumumab as Treatment for Monoclonal Antibody-Induced Thyroid Orbitopathy
Moon, J. A., Duncan, N., Yorio, J. T., Meltzer, E. I., & Aung, M. H. (2025) · Reports — Medical Cases Images and Videos · doi:10.3390/reports8040246 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Patera, B., Zaffaroni, A., Louka, S., Gallo, D., Piantanida, E., & Tanda, M. L. (2025) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/s13044-025-00276-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, R., Liu, T., Li, T., Zhao, Z., Zhao, F., Chen, D., Huang, J., Xu, W., & Jin, P. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.12.018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Medication-associated thyroid eye disease: a review
Ang, T., Almater, A. I., & Selva, D. N. (2026) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-025-07089-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab‐Induced Graves’ Disease Complicated by Pretibial Myxoedema: A Case Report
O’Brolchain, A., & Reda, E. S. (2026) · Case Reports in Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/crie/5617569 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab, a Monoclonal Antibody to CD52, Frequently Causes Graves’ Disease
Hershman, J. M. (2018) · Clinical Thyroidology · doi:10.1089/ct.2018;30.353-355 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alemtuzumab-induced Graves’ disease
Шеремета, М. С., Korchagina, M. O., Guseinova, R. M., Шмидт, Т. Е., Nizhegorodova, K. S., Sviridenko, N. Y., & Mel'nichenko, G. A. (2023) · Problems of Endocrinology · doi:10.14341/probl13238 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thyroid disease in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a clinical and epidemiological study
Wilding, A., Smith, R., Jayne, D. R. W., Segelmark, M., & Mohammad, A. J. (2024) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003996 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tran, E., Hadi, A., Nair, G., Bursztyn, L. L. C. D., Fraser, J. A., & Ing, E. B. (2025) · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000003017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thyroid sonography as an extension of the bedside examination in hyperthyroidism
Kyriacou, A., Syed, A. A., & Economides, P. A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.20883/medical.e482 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Meeting Abstracts from the 67th Annual British Thyroid Association Meeting
(2019) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/s13044-019-0069-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Woods, A., & Maletkovic, J. (2018) · Clinical Thyroidology · doi:10.1089/ct.2018;30.581-584
Thyroid dysfunction induced by Alemtuzumab in patients with multiple sclerosis
Tofan, L., Alba-Redondo, A., Triguero, M. L. M., Fuster, Ó., Gambin, M., Estruch, B. C., & Marro, B. L. (2020) · Revista de Medicina de Laboratorio · doi:10.20960/revmedlab.00050
Role of Monoclonal Antibody "Alemtuzumab" in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Nosher, S., Fuad, S., Mishra, N., Alrashid, Z. A., Rathod, B., Mohan, D., Basavanagowda, D. M., Kaur, A., & Heindl, S. E. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.13246
Chaturvedi, A., Khoury, F. R., Vashistha, K., PATEL, K., Mareda, P., Veasey, T. M., Link, C., & Raina, A. (2021) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.09.014
Saran, S. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98686 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maladies générales, médicaments et fonction thyroïdienne
Balavoine, A.-S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-77583-3.00022-8
Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid dysfunction examined
(2018) · Reactions Weekly · doi:10.1007/s40278-018-48095-9
Hyperthyroidism following transplantation and SARS‐CoV‐2 exposure
Elnaggar, M., & Shenoy, S. M. (2023) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.30713
Terapia farmacologica del morbo di Basedow tra presente e futuro
Gallo, D., Trimarchi, F., Piantanida, E., Tanda, M. L., & Bartalena, L. (2023) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-023-01377-5
Sahraian, M. A., Emami, S., Ataei, S., & Ghalandari, N. (2024) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03386-z
Commentary on Iatrogenic Maternal and Neonatal Hyperthyroidism
Shajani-Yi, Z. (2025) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/jalm/jfaf068
Iatrogenic Maternal and Neonatal Hyperthyroidism
Elghobashy, M., Buch, H., & Gama, R. M. (2025) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/jalm/jfaf029
Thyroid autoimmunity and polyautoimmunity
Bliddal, S., Feldt‐Rasmussen, U., & Nielsen, C. H. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13825-6.00246-6
Furmaniak, J., Muller, I., Dayan, C. M., & Weetman, A. P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824465-4.00245-3
Self-citationPharmacological Interactions of Levothyroxine in Multiple-Treated Patients
Marco, F. D., & Cusini, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01700-0_14
Crapella, F., & Muller, I. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1955471
Self-citation
- Authors
- Pariani, N., Willis, M., Muller, I., Healy, S., Nasser, T., McGowan, A., Lyons, G., Jones, J., Chatterjee, K., Dayan, C., Robertson, N., Coles, A., & Moran, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University Hospital of Wales (GB)
- Addenbrooke's Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Moran, Carla
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2018-06-06
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3010-3018
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC6097600
- OpenAlex
- W2806012560
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 7.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- Wellcome Trust (095564/Z/11/Z, 105924/Z/14/Z, 105924/Z/14/A)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0514-10176)
- Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Cambridge University Hospitals (146281)
- Sanofi Genzyme
- Medical Research Council (MR/L010305/1)
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- alemtuzumab, thyroid dysfunction, Graves' disease, multiple sclerosis, drug-induced thyroid dysfunction, TSH receptor antibodies, TRAb, antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, immunosuppressive therapy adverse effects
- MeSH terms
- Alemtuzumab, Adult, Female, Graves Disease, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Retrospective Studies, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroiditis, Disease Progression, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
