The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diurnal Cortisol Peaks and Their Relationships to Meals
Abstract
Relationships between diurnal plasma cortisol peaks and meals were evaluated for 30 male subjects divided into 5 groups. At 1300 h, at the time of a slow increase of plasma cortisol in fasting subjects, a reproducible rapidly increasing meal-related peak appeared in all subjects studied. An identical meal at 2000 h led to a lower mean response, with larger interindividual variations. This attenuated evening response does not seem attributable to any daily rhythm in responsiveness nor to changing basal levels, since only slight nonsignificant rises in cortisol appeared after an identical meal at 1000 h. The usual mean cortisol pattern with a midday peak was observed in subjects accustomed to different activity and meal-time schedules, which excludes the role of dietary habits. Satiety did not seen to play a determining role in the response to the 1000 h meal, as was shown by comparing subjects who did or did not have breakfast after overnight fasting. Meal intake was not necessary to provoke peaking in cortisol levels, and it has been established that neural and behavioral factors associated with meal presentation play a predominant role in some subjects. The results given clear evidence of the influence of meal timing on the daily plasma cortisol pattern, but no clue was found as to why eating affects the pituitary-adrenal axis differently according to the time of day. The noon meal may at least have a synchronizing role on normally existing plasma cortisol fluctuations.
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In the citing paper
“our well-controlled design (including continuous glucose infusion to avoid the impact of timing and content of meals on cortisol secretion 44,45 and light levels below 50 lux) does not mimic real life and cannot, therefore, be generalized.”
From Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Pituitary–Adrenocortical Response to CRH Stimulation in Healthy Men (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Ingestion of glucose, amino acids, protein, or mixed meals tends to increase serum and salivary cortisol concentrations in healthy adults (1–8).”
From Glucose ingestion selectively amplifies ACTH and cortisol secretory-burst mass and enhances their joint synchrony in healthy men. (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In this study, cortisol levels decreased by about 60 nmol/L between 1000 h and 1200 h, whereas in the present study, cortisol levels decreased only by 20 nmol/L during this time interval, i.e. the first 2 h of low-rate insulin infusion.”
From Supraphysiological Hyperinsulinemia Acutely Increases Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Secretory Activity in Humans (1999) · cites this paper as [32]
Citations
Cites
Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects
WEITZMAN, E. D., FUKUSHIMA, D., NOGEIRE, C., ROFFWARG, H., GALLAGHER, T. F., & HELLMAN, L. (1971) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-33-1-14 · Cited by 1,258
Characterization of the normal temporal pattern of plasma corticosteroid levels.
KRIEGER, D. T., ALLEN, W., RIZZO, F., & KRIEGER, H. P. (1971) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-32-2-266 · Cited by 549
Food and Water Restriction Shifts Corticosterone, Temperature, Activity and Brain Amine Periodicity
Krieger, D. T. (1974) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-95-5-1195 · Cited by 382
Adrenal Sensitivity to Adrenocorticotropin Varies Diurnally*
KANEKO, M., Kaneko, K., Shinsako, J., & Dallman, M. F. (1981) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-109-1-70 · Cited by 207
STUDIES OF THE DIURNAL VARIATION OF PLASMA 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN MAN*
Perkoff, G. T., Eik‐Nes, K. B., Nugent, C. A., FRED, H. L., NIMER, R., RUSH, L., Samuels, L. T., & Tyler, F. H. (1959) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-19-4-432 · Cited by 189
Circadian Rhythms in Mice Fed a Single Daily Meal at Different Stages of Lighting Regimen
Nelson, W. W., Scheving, L. E., & Halberg, F. (1975) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/105.2.171 · Cited by 151
A MID-DAY SURGE IN CORTISOL LEVELS
QUIGLEY, M. E., & YEN, S. S. C. (1979) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-49-6-945 · Cited by 135
Wilkinson, C. W., Shinsako, J., & Dallman, M. F. (1979) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-104-2-350 · Cited by 125
Effect of Meal Feeding on Daily Rhythms of Plasma Corticosterone and Growth Hormone in the Rat
Moberg, G. P., Bellinger, L. L., & Mendel, V. E. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000122436 · Cited by 113
Environmental control of suppression of the pituitary-adrenal system☆
Levine, S., & Coover, G. D. (1976) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(76)90265-1 · Cited by 106
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Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Wüst, S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004 · Cited by 963
Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research
Adam, E. K., & Kumari, M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.011 · Cited by 936
Circadian food-anticipatory activity: Formal models and physiological mechanisms
Mistlberger, R. E. (1994) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(94)90023-x · Cited by 857
Exploration of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare
Mormède, P., Andanson, S., Aupérin, B., Beerda, B., Guemene, D. D., Malmkvist, J., Manteca, X., Manteuffel, G., Prunet, P., van Reenen, C. G., et al. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.12.003 · Cited by 884
Regulation of ACTH Secretion: Variations on a Theme of B
DALLMAN, M. F., AKANA, S. F., CASCIO, C. S., DARLINGTON, D. N., JACOBSON, L., & LEVIN, N. (1987) · Proceedings of the 1986 Laurentian Hormone Conference · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571143-2.50010-1 · Cited by 655
Metadata
- Authors
- LEGLER, M., BRANDENBERGER, G., HIETTER, B., SIMÉONI, M., & REINHARDT, B.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1982-10
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 757-761
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2040583831
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- diurnal cortisol rhythm, meal timing, plasma cortisol, pituitary-adrenal axis, circadian rhythm, satiety, breakfast, interindividual variability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Food, Food Deprivation, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male
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