The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hormone Replacement Therapy with Estrogen or Estrogen plus Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Is Associated with Increased Epithelial Proliferation in the Normal Postmenopausal Breast1
Abstract
The relative effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen alone vs. estrogen+progestin on breast cell proliferation and on breast cancer risk are controversial. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out to examine the proliferative effects of HRT with estrogen or estrogen plus the progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate, in breast tissue of postmenopausal women. Benign breast biopsies from 86 postmenopausal women were analyzed with antiproliferating cell nuclear antigen (anti-PCNA) and Ki67 antibodies to measure relative levels of cell proliferation. Epithelial density and estrogen and progesterone receptor status were also determined. The women were categorized either as users of: 1) estrogen (E) alone; 2) estrogen+medroxyprogesterone acetate (E+P); or 3) no HRT. Compared with no HRT, the breast epithelium of women who had received either E+P or E alone had significantly higher PCNA proliferation indices, and treatment with E+P had a significantly higher index (PCNA and Ki67) than treatment with E alone. Breast epithelial density was significantly greater in postmenopausal women treated with E and E+P, compared with no HRT. Thus, the present study shows that postmenopausal HRT with E+P was associated with greater breast epithelial cell proliferation and breast epithelial cell density than E alone or no HRT. Furthermore, with E+P, breast proliferation was localized to the terminal duct-lobular unit of the breast, which is the site of development of most breast cancers. Further studies are needed to assess the possible association between the mitogenic activity of progestins and breast cancer risk.
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Cites
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The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
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A Prospective Study of Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy and Coronary Heart Disease
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The Risk of Breast Cancer after Estrogen and Estrogen–Progestin Replacement
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Cited by
Oestrogen exposure and breast cancer risk
Travis, R. C., & Key, T. J. (2003) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr628 · Cited by 346
An, J., Tzagarakis-Foster, C., Scharschmidt, T. C., Lomri, N., & Leitman, D. C. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m100953200 · Cited by 323
Chwalisz, K., Perez, M. C., DeManno, D., Winkel, C., Schubert, G., & Elger, W. (2005) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2005-0001 · Cited by 310
RANKL/RANK/OPG system beyond bone remodeling: involvement in breast cancer and clinical perspectives
Infante, M., Fabi, A., Cognetti, F., Gorini, S., Caprio, M., & Fabbri, A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-018-1001-2 · Cited by 180
Perspectives on the soy-breast cancer relation
Messina, M., & Wu, A. H. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736v · Cited by 113
Metadata
- Authors
- Hofseth, L. J., Raafat, A. M., Osuch, J. R., Pathak, D. R., Slomski, C. A., & Haslam, S. Z.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1999-12-01
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4559-4565
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W1991259200
- Cited by
- 329
- References
- 37
- FWCI
- 12.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Hormone Replacement Therapy with Estrogen or Estrogen plus Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Is Associated with Increased Epithelial Proliferation in the Normal Postmenopausal Breast1. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1210/jcem.84.12.6194
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- Hofseth, L. J., Raafat, A. M., Osuch, J. R., Pathak, D. R., Slomski, C. A., & Haslam, S. Z. (1999). Hormone Replacement Therapy with Estrogen or Estrogen plus Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Is Associated with Increased Epithelial Proliferation in the Normal Postmenopausal Breast1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.12.6194
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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