Cited by 319Estrogen and related hormone effectsGenomics and Chromatin DynamicsNuclear Receptors and Signaling

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Activation Functions 1 and 2 of Nuclear Receptors: Molecular Strategies for Transcriptional Activation

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Wärnmark, Anette, Treuter, Eckardt, Wright, Anthony P. H., Gustafsson, Jan-Åke·2003·Molecular Endocrinology

DOI 10.1210/me.2002-0384

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Abstract

Nuclear receptors (NRs) comprise a family of ligand inducible transcription factors. To achieve transcriptional activation of target genes, DNA-bound NRs directly recruit general transcription factors (GTFs) to the preinitiation complex or bind intermediary factors, so-called coactivators. These coactivators often constitute subunits of larger multiprotein complexes that act at several functional levels, such as chromatin remodeling, enzymatic modification of histone tails, or modulation of the preinitiation complex via interactions with RNA polymerase II and GTFs. The binding of NR to coactivators is often mediated through one of its activation domains. Many NRs have at least two activation domains, the ligand-independent activation function (AF)-1, which resides in the N-terminal domain, and the ligand-dependent AF-2, which is localized in the C-terminal domain. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of AF-1- and AF-2-mediated gene activation, focusing on AF-1 and AF-2 conformation and coactivator binding.

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Authors: Wärnmark, A., Treuter, E., Wright, A. P. H., & Gustafsson, J.-A.
Affiliations: Departments of BioSciences (A.W., E.T., A.P.H.W., J.-Å.G.), S-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
Södertörn University (SE)
ORCID: Treuter, Eckardt
Wright, Anthony P. H.
Venue: Molecular Endocrinology
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2003-10-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 10
Pages: 1901-1909
ISSN: 0888-8809 (ISSN-L)
1944-9917
DOI: 10.1210/me.2002-0384
OpenAlex: W1964247670
Cited by: 308
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 1.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Molecular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Karolinska Institutet
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
Keywords: nuclear receptors, activation functions, AF-2, transcriptional activation, transcriptional coactivator, general transcription factors, preinitiation complex, chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, RNA polymerase II, ligand-independent receptor activation, ligand-dependent activation
MeSH terms: Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Binding, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Transcriptional Activation, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear

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Activation Functions 1 and 2 of Nuclear Receptors: Molecular Strategies for Transcriptional Activation

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