Cited by 338Cerebrovascular and genetic disordersDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

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Presence and progression of white matter hyperintensities and cognition: A meta-analysis

Kloppenborg, Raoul P., Nederkoorn, Paul J., Geerlings, Mirjam I., van den Berg, Esther·2014·Neurology

DOI 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000505

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify the effects of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on specific cognitive functions with particular attention to WMH progression and localization. METHODS: PubMed (January 1990-July 2013) and bibliographies from included articles were used. Studies that were included (1) used MRI; (2) had a population-based or case-control design with a healthy control group that could be used for analysis; (3) matched/adjusted for age, sex, and education; and (4) addressed ≥1 predefined cognitive domains with ≥1 validated neuropsychological tests. Data were independently extracted by 2 investigators. Pearson r was extracted/calculated and used as the common metric for the effect size across studies. RESULTS: Twenty-three cross-sectional and 14 longitudinal studies were included with a total of 8,685 and 7,731 participants. Presence of WMHs was significantly associated with concurrent cognitive deficits in all examined domains: general intelligence (Fisher z -0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.19 to -0.04), memory (-0.08, -0.13 to -0.06), processing speed (-0.11, -0.17 to -0.07), attention and executive functions (-0.11, -0.16 to -0.07), and perception/construction (-0.15, -0.21 to -0.07). Similar effect sizes were observed for cognitive decline over time. WMH progression was associated with greater cognitive decline, particularly for general intelligence (Fisher z -0.31, 95% CI -0.5 to -0.02) and attention and executive functions (-0.32, -0.34 to -0.28). CONCLUSIONS: The small but robust and consistent effects of WMHs on all cognitive domains suggest a more global effect on cognition than previously thought. Progression of WMHs was associated with even worse cognitive functioning, most pronounced in attention and executive functioning.

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Cerebral small vessel disease burden and longitudinal cognitive decline from age 73 to 82: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
Hamilton, O. K., Cox, S. R., Okely, J. A., Conte, F. P., Ballerini, L., Bastin, M. E., Corley, J., Taylor, A. M., Page, D., Gow, A. J., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01495-4 · Cited by 40
“Recent meta-analyses report associations between greater baseline WMH burden and steeper decline in both general and domain-specific cognitive abilities, and greater risk of incident dementia [4, 11].”
Background
White matter lesions may be an early marker for age-related cognitive decline
Morrison, C., Dadar, M., Villeneuve, S., Collins, D. L., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103096 · Cited by 40
Can white matter hyperintensities based Fazekas visual assessment scales inform about Alzheimer’s disease pathology in the population?
Pradeep, A., Raghavan, S., Przybelski, S. A., Preboske, G. M., Schwarz, C. G., Lowe, V. J., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., Jack, C. R., Graff‐Radford, J., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01525-5 · Cited by 39
“Furthermore, the impact of WMH observed on cognitive function has been evaluated globally [48] as well as differentially on specific cognitive domains, executive dysfunction [48–55] and inconsistent memory impairment [48, 50, 53, 56–58].”
Background
Sex differences in risk factors, burden, and outcomes of cerebrovascular disease in Alzheimer's disease populations
Morrison, C., Dadar, M., Collins, D. L., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13452 · Cited by 38
“For the purposes of the current study, specific cognitive tests were chosen to examine multiple cognitive domains known to be associated with WMHs. Global cognition, 41,42 executive functioning, 42,43 memory, 44 and functional status 15”
Method
Who Gets Head Trauma or Recruited in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Research?
Isokuortti, H., Iverson, G. L., Kataja, A., Brander, A., Öhman, J. E., & Luoto, T. M. (2015) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.3888 · Cited by 36
The Effects of Longitudinal White Matter Hyperintensity Change on Cognitive Decline and Cortical Thinning over Three Years
Kim, S. J., Lee, D. K., Jang, Y. K., Jang, H., Kim, S. E., Cho, S. H., Kim, J. P., Jung, Y. H., Kim, E., Na, D. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082663 · Cited by 35
Association of Aortic Stiffness and Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Liu, Q., Fang, J., Cui, C., Dong, S., Gao, L., Bao, J., Li, Y., Ma, M., Chen, N., & He, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.680205 · Cited by 37
“, 2015), which was thought to preferentially cause the decline of processing speed and executive function (Kloppenborg et al., 2014; Biesbroek et al., 2017).”
Background
Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction and the Potential Mechanisms in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Induced Cognitive Impairment
Xu, W., Bai, Q., Dong, Q., Guo, M., & Cui, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.870674 · Cited by 38
Metabolic syndrome alters relationships between cardiometabolic variables, cognition and white matter hyperintensity load
Alkan, E., Taporoski, T. P., Sterr, A., von Schantz, M., Vallada, H., Krieger, J. E., Pereira, A. C., Alvim, R. D. O., Horimoto, A. R. V. R., Pompéia, S., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40630-6 · Cited by 34
Brain Volumes and Longitudinal Cognitive Change
Vibha, D., Tiemeier, H. W., Mirza, S. S., Adams, H. H. H., Niessen, W. J., Albert Hofman, D., Prasad, K., van der Lugt, A., Vernooij, M. W., & Ikram, M. A. (2017) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000235 · Cited by 34
Independent and joint effects of vascular and cardiometabolic risk factor pairs for risk of all-cause dementia: a prospective population-based study
Shaaban, C. E., Jia, Y., Chang, C. H., & Ganguli, M. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219001066 · Cited by 35
“VCMRFs are associated with cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and other markers of poor cerebrovascular integrity (Jorgensen et al., 2018; Vemuri et al., 2017), which in turn increase risk for dementia (Kloppenborg et al., 2014; Pantoni et al., 2015; Prins et al., 2004).”
Background
Topographical differences in white matter hyperintensity burden and cognition in aging, MCI, and AD
Kamal, F., Morrison, C., Maranzano, J., Zeighami, Y., Dadar, M., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2022) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00665-6 · Cited by 34
Associations of cognitive reserve and psychological resilience with cognitive functioning in subjects with cerebral white matter hyperintensities
Arola, A., Laakso, H. M., Pitkänen, J., Koikkalainen, J. R., Lötjönen, J. M. P., Korvenoja, A., Erkinjuntti, T., Melkas, S., & Jokinen, H. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.14910 · Cited by 37
“White matter hyperintensities were used as the surrogate of SVD severity in this study since previous studies have shown them to be the strongest imaging predictor of cognitive and functional outcomes [47,48].”
Method
Longitudinal Cognitive Changes in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Jochems, A. C. C., Maniega, S. M., Clancy, Ú., Arteaga, C., García, D. J., Chappell, F. M., Hamilton, O. K., Backhouse, E. V., Barclay, G., Jardine, C., et al. (2025) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000213323 · Cited by 33
Radiologic common data elements rates in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury
Mayer, A. R., Cohen, D. M., Wertz, C. J., Dodd, A. B., Shoemaker, J., Pluto, C., Zumberge, N. A., Park, G., Bangert, B. A., Lin, C., et al. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000008488 · Cited by 30
“, migraine),(26) and are associated with long-term cognitive dysfunction.(27) Adult(12,28) and pediatric(17,19) studies have Table 4 Probable radiologic common data elements (rCDE) observed in NM and OH samples”
Background
Microstructural degeneration and cerebrovascular risk burden underlying executive dysfunction after stroke
Veldsman, M., Werden, E., Egorova, N., Khlif, M. S., & Brodtmann, A. G. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75074-w · Cited by 33
The influence of white matter hyperintensity on cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease
Liu, H., Deng, B., Xie, F., Yang, X., Xie, Z., Chen, Y., Yang, Z., Huang, X., Zhu, S., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51429 · Cited by 34
Structural correlates of apathy in Alzheimer's disease: a multimodal MRI study
Agüera-Ortíz, L., Hernandez-Tamames, J. A., Martínez‐Martín, P., Cruz, I., Pájares, G., López‐Álvarez, J., Osorio, R. S., Sanz, M. F. R., & Olazarán, J. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4548 · Cited by 33
“There is mounting evidence of a relationship between white matter hyperintensities (WMH), brain atrophy, and cognitive deterioration in both aging and AD (Kloppenborg et al., 2014).”
Leukoaraiosis: Epidemiology, Imaging, Risk Factors, and Management of Age-Related Cerebral White Matter Hyperintensities
Huang, W.-Q., Lin, Q., & Tzeng, C. (2024) · Journal of Stroke · doi:10.5853/jos.2023.02719 · Cited by 35
Demyelinating Diseases of the CNS (Brain and Spine)
Barkhof, F., & Koeller, K. K. (2020) · IDKD Springer series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38490-6_13 · Cited by 31
The Relationship Between Cardiovascular Health and Rate of Cognitive Decline in Young-Old and Old-Old Adults: A Population-Based Study
Špeh, A., Wang, R., Winblad, B. G., Kramberger, M. G., Bäckman, L., Qiu, C., & Laukka, E. J. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210280 · Cited by 31
“However, alterations in cerebral white matter have also been associated with poorer episodic memory and global cognition [43], which may explain our observation that a lower LS7 score was associated with faster decline in these domains.”
White matter hyperintensities are associated with falls in older people with dementia
Taylor, M. E., Lord, S. R., Delbaere, K., Wen, W. X., Jiang, J., Brodaty, H., Kurrle, S. E., Mikolaizak, A. S., & Close, J. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9943-8 · Cited by 30
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and severity of cerebral white matter lesions in patients with acute ischemic stroke
von Rennenberg, R., Siegerink, B., Ganeshan, R., Villringer, K., Doehner, W., Audebert, H. J., Endres, M., Nolte, C. H., & Scheitz, J. F. (2018) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-018-9085-3 · Cited by 30
MFG-E8 Alleviates Cognitive Impairments Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion by Phagocytosing Myelin Debris and Promoting Remyelination
Dong, X., Zhang, Z., Shu, X., Zhuang, Z., Liu, P., Liu, R., Xia, S., Bao, X., Xu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-023-01147-1 · Cited by 30
“Moreover, the burden of white matter hyperintensities predicts cognitive decline, especially impairment of attention and executive functions [8].”
Background
The Cognitive Connectome in Healthy Aging
García-Cabello, E., Gonzalez‐Burgos, L., Pereira, J. B., Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A., Westman, E., Volpe, G., Barroso, J., & Ferreira, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.694254 · Cited by 29
White matter changes underlie hypertension-related cognitive decline in older adults
Li, Z., Wang, W., Sang, F., Zhang, Z., & Li, X. (2023) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103389 · Cited by 34
Supervised learning technique for the automated identification of white matter hyperintensities in traumatic brain injury
Stone, J. R., Wilde, E. A., Taylor, B. A., Tate, D. F., Levin, H. S., Bigler, E. D., Scheibel, R. S., Newsome, M. R., Mayer, A. R., Abildskov, T. J., et al. (2016) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2016.1222080 · Cited by 29
“Two major meta-analyses of WMHs have been published covering the periods prior to [39] and after 2010 [40].”
BackgroundMethod
Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity Associated with Vascular Depression or Apathy in Community-Dwelling Elderly Subjects: The Sefuri Study
Yao, H., Takashima, Y., Araki, Y., Uchino, A., Yuzuriha, T., & Hashimoto, M. (2015) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.07.018 · Cited by 28
The effect of vascular health factors on white matter microstructure mediates age-related differences in executive function performance
Hoagey, D. A., Lazarus, L. T. T., Rodrigue, K. M., & Kennedy, K. M. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.016 · Cited by 27
Association of regional white matter hyperintensities with hypertension and cognition in the population‐based 1000BRAINS study
Gronewold, J., Jokisch, M., Schramm, S. H., Himpfen, H., Ginster, T., Tenhagen, I., Doeppner, T. R., Jockwitz, C., Miller, T., Lehmann, N., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15716 · Cited by 28
“Previous studies most often found evidence for total WMH burden worsening cognitive function at the group level [4].”
Background
In vivo myelin imaging and tissue microstructure in white matter hyperintensities and perilesional white matter
Ferris, J. K., Greeley, B., Vavasour, I. M., Kraeutner, S. N., Rinat, S., Ramirez, J., Black, S. E., & Boyd, L. A. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac142 · Cited by 27
Association of Polysomnographic Sleep Parameters With Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Cerebrovascular Disease in Older Adults With Sleep Apnea
Carvalho, D. Z., McCarter, S. J., Louis, E. K. S., Przybelski, S. A., Sparrman, K. J., Somers, V. K., Boeve, B. F., Petersen, R. C., Jack, C. R., Graff‐Radford, J., et al. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207392 · Cited by 27
The role of exercise in mitigating subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment
Dao, E. A., Hsiung, G. R., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2017) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14153 · Cited by 30
Assessment of white matter hyperintensity severity using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging
Parent, O., Bussy, A., Devenyi, G. A., Dai, A., Costantino, M., Tullo, S., Salaciak, A., Bedford, S. A., Farzin, S., Béland, M., et al. (2023) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcad279 · Cited by 24
“When assessing the added value of WMH signal measures above the WMH volume (Supplementary Figs 6 and 7), qT2* remained significantly associated with atrophy (TBV/ICV ratio), clinical group and cardiovascular risk factors (high BP and high cholesterol), but not cognition.”
Background
Etiology-based classification of brain white matter hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging
Leite, M., Rittner, L., Appenzeller, S., Ruocco, H. H., & Lotufo, R. (2015) · Journal of medical imaging · doi:10.1117/1.jmi.2.1.014002 · Cited by 26
“4 Though the etiology of WMH is difficult to determine because of the lack of pathological studies, it is frequently proposed to be of an ischemic or demyelinating nature.”
Background
MRI and fluid biomarkers reveal determinants of myelin and axonal loss with aging
Walker, K. A., Duggan, M. R., Gong, Z., Dark, H. E., Laporte, J. P., Faulkner, M. E., An, Y., Lewis, A., Moghekar, A., Resnick, S. M., et al. (2023) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51730 · Cited by 25
Elevated plasma sulfides are associated with cognitive dysfunction and brain atrophy in human Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
Reekes, T. H., Ledbetter, C. R., Alexander, J., Stokes, K. Y., Pardue, S., Bhuiyan, M. A. N., Patterson, J. C., Lofton, K. T., Kevil, C. G., & Disbrow, E. A. (2023) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2023.102633 · Cited by 26
Current Perspectives: Obesity and Neurodegeneration - Links and Risks
Kueck, P. J., Morris, J. K., & Stanford, J. A. (2024) · Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.2147/dnnd.s388579 · Cited by 30
The Relationship between Cerebral Small Vessel Disease, Hippocampal Volume and Cognitive Functioning in Patients with COPD: An MRI Study
Cleutjens, F. A. H. M., Ponds, R., Spruit, M. A., Burgmans, S., Jacobs, H. I. L., Gronenschild, E. H. B. M., Staals, J., Franssen, F. M. E., Dijkstra, J. B., Vanfleteren, L. E. G. W., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00088 · Cited by 26
“In normal aging (Ystad et al., 2009) and in several neurological disorders, including AD (Laakso et al., 1995), temporal lobe epilepsy (Kilpatrick et al., 1997), and depressed elderly (Steffens et al., 2011), measurements of volumes of the hippocampus already have been shown to be positively…”
Background
Incidence and Clinical Significance of Cerebral Embolism During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation With Duty-Cycled Phased-Radiofrequency Versus Cooled-Radiofrequency
Keçe, F., Bruggemans, E. F., Riva, M., Dehnavi, R. A., Wijnmaalen, A. P., Meulman, T. J., Brugman, J. A., Rooijmans, A. M., van Buchem, M. A., Middelkoop, H. A. M., et al. (2018) · JACC. Clinical electrophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2018.11.008 · Cited by 26
Role of glia in delirium: proposed mechanisms and translational implications
Heffernan, Á. B., Steinruecke, M., Dempsey, G., Chandran, S., Selvaraj, B. T., Jiwaji, Z., & Stavrou, M. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02801-4 · Cited by 26
Synergistic associations of cognitive and motor impairments with functional outcome in covert cerebral small vessel disease
Jokinen, H., Laakso, H. M., Ahlström, M., Arola, A., Lempiäinen, J., Pitkänen, J., Paajanen, T. I., Sikkes, S. A. M., Koikkalainen, J. R., Lötjönen, J. M. P., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15108 · Cited by 25
Disconnections of Cortico-Subcortical Pathways Related to Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Leukoaraiosis: A Preliminary Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Yuan, J., Wang, S., Guo, X., Teng, L.-L., Jiang, H., Gu, H., & Hu, W. (2017) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000477899 · Cited by 25
ω-3 PUFA for Secondary Prevention of White Matter Lesions and Neuronal Integrity Breakdown in Older Adults
Shinto, L. H., Murchison, C., Silbert, L. C., Dodge, H. H., Lahna, D. L., Rooney, W. D., Kaye, J. A., Quinn, J. F., & Bowman, G. L. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.26872 · Cited by 23
Enhancing cognitive performance prediction by white matter hyperintensity connectivity assessment
Petersen, M., Coenen, M., DeCarli, C. S., Luca, A. D., van der Lelij, E. J., Initiative, A. D. N., Weiner, M. W., Aisen, P., Petersen, R. C., Weiner, M. W., et al. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae315 · Cited by 25
Flavonoid Intake and MRI Markers of Brain Health in the Framingham Offspring Cohort
Shishtar, E., Rogers, G. T., Blumberg, J. B., Au, R., DeCarli, C. S., & Jacques, P. F. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa068 · Cited by 23
Imaging markers of cerebrovascular pathologies: Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and risk factors
Raman, M. R., Kantarci, K., Murray, M. E., Jack, C. R., & Vemuri, P. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2016.12.006 · Cited by 23
“[54] Kloppenborg RP, Nederkoorn PJ, Geerlings MI, van den Berg E.”
Amyloid burden and white matter hyperintensities mediate age-related cognitive differences
Dupont, P. S., Bocti, C., Joannette, M., Lavallée, M. M., Nikelski, J., Vallet, G. T., Chertkow, H., & Joubert, S. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.025 · Cited by 25
“Nonetheless, our findings are fairly in line with those of a recent meta-analysis in which progression of WMH was associated with decline in global cognitive functioning with markedly greater effects for attention and executive functions as opposed to memory and processing speed (Kloppenborg et al., 2014).”
Result

Authors: Kloppenborg, R. P., Nederkoorn, P. J., Geerlings, M. I., & van den Berg, E.
Affiliations: Utrecht University (NL)
From the Department of Neurology (R.P.K., P.J.N.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (R.P.K., M.I.G.) and Department of Neurology (R.P.K.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Experimental Psychology (E.v.d.B.), Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University; and the Department of Neurology (E.v.d.B.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
ORCID: Nederkoorn, Paul J.
Geerlings, Mirjam I.
Venue: Neurology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2014-06-10
Volume: 82
Issue: 23
Pages: 2127-2138
ISSN: 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
1526-632X
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000505
OpenAlex: W2054692171
Cited by: 338
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 2.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: white matter hyperintensities, cognitive decline, cognitive domain, general intelligence, memory, processing speed, attention, executive function, brain MRI
MeSH terms: Cognition Disorders, Humans, Disease Progression, Leukoencephalopathies

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Presence and progression of white matter hyperintensities and cognition: A meta-analysis

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