The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Presence and progression of white matter hyperintensities and cognition: A meta-analysis
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify the effects of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on specific cognitive functions with particular attention to WMH progression and localization. METHODS: PubMed (January 1990-July 2013) and bibliographies from included articles were used. Studies that were included (1) used MRI; (2) had a population-based or case-control design with a healthy control group that could be used for analysis; (3) matched/adjusted for age, sex, and education; and (4) addressed ≥1 predefined cognitive domains with ≥1 validated neuropsychological tests. Data were independently extracted by 2 investigators. Pearson r was extracted/calculated and used as the common metric for the effect size across studies. RESULTS: Twenty-three cross-sectional and 14 longitudinal studies were included with a total of 8,685 and 7,731 participants. Presence of WMHs was significantly associated with concurrent cognitive deficits in all examined domains: general intelligence (Fisher z -0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.19 to -0.04), memory (-0.08, -0.13 to -0.06), processing speed (-0.11, -0.17 to -0.07), attention and executive functions (-0.11, -0.16 to -0.07), and perception/construction (-0.15, -0.21 to -0.07). Similar effect sizes were observed for cognitive decline over time. WMH progression was associated with greater cognitive decline, particularly for general intelligence (Fisher z -0.31, 95% CI -0.5 to -0.02) and attention and executive functions (-0.32, -0.34 to -0.28). CONCLUSIONS: The small but robust and consistent effects of WMHs on all cognitive domains suggest a more global effect on cognition than previously thought. Progression of WMHs was associated with even worse cognitive functioning, most pronounced in attention and executive functioning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Extensive studies have reported the direct effect of WMH on cognitive deficits, both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. 23 , 29”
From White matter hyperintensity modulates the amyloid‐tau‐cognition association and anti‐amyloid treatment efficacy in asymptomatic older adults (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 · Cited by 10,578
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
Hedges, L. V. (1981) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164588 · Cited by 5,695
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 10.3102/10769986006002107 · DOI · Paper page
- Rosenberg MS, Adams DC, Gurevitch J. MetaWin. Statistical Software for Meta-Analysis, version 2.0. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 2000.
- 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540330087019 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Alber, J., Alladi, S., Bae, H., Barton, D. A., Beckett, L. A., Bell, J. M., Berman, S. E., Biessels, G. J., Black, S. E., Bos, I., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.02.001 · Cited by 455
“A systematic review concluded that WMHs explain a modest degree of crosssectional variation in cognition and cognitive decline [3].”
BackgroundInoue, Y., Shue, F., Bu, G., & Kanekiyo, T. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00640-5 · Cited by 380
“WMH progression is associated with executive function, attention, and immediate/delayed memory [151].”
BackgroundBrain Health: The Importance of Recognizing Cognitive Impairment: An IAGG Consensus Conference
Morley, J. E., Morris, J. C., Berg‐Weger, M., Soo Borson, B., Carpenter, B. D., del Campo, N., Dubois, B., Fargo, K. N., Fitten, L. J., Flaherty, J. H., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.06.017 · Cited by 341
Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI)
Rundek, T., Tolea, M. I., Ariko, T., Fagerli, E. A., & Camargo, C. J. (2021) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-021-01170-y · Cited by 347
“The presence of WMHs is associated with global cognitive dysfunction [144, 145], both associated with brain atrophy [146–148] and independent of atrophy [65].”
BackgroundHow air pollution alters brain development: the role of neuroinflammation
Brockmeyer, S., & D’Angiulli, A. (2016) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.1515/tnsci-2016-0005 · Cited by 260
“…[28] Dobyns E.L., Eells P.L., Griebel J.L., Abman S.H., Elevated plasma endothelin-1 and cytokine levels in children with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, J. Pediatr., 1999, 135, 246-249 [29] Braak H., Del Tredici K., The pathological process underlying Alzheimer’s disease in…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kloppenborg, R. P., Nederkoorn, P. J., Geerlings, M. I., & van den Berg, E.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- From the Department of Neurology (R.P.K., P.J.N.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (R.P.K., M.I.G.) and Department of Neurology (R.P.K.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Experimental Psychology (E.v.d.B.), Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University; and the Department of Neurology (E.v.d.B.), Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2014-06-10
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2127-2138
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2054692171
- Cited by
- 338
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- white matter hyperintensities, cognitive decline, cognitive domain, general intelligence, memory, processing speed, attention, executive function, brain MRI
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Humans, Disease Progression, Leukoencephalopathies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
