The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 9 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Head injury does not alter disease progression or neuropathologic outcomes in ALS
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To study the effects of head injury on disease progression and on neuropathologic outcomes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: Patients with ALS were surveyed to obtain head injury history, and medical records were reviewed. Linear regression was performed to determine if head injury was a predictor for mean monthly decline of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-revised (ALSFRS-R), while controlling for confounders. Head injury history was obtained from family members of ALS autopsy cases. The frequency of tau proteinopathy, brain TDP-43 inclusions, and pathologic findings of Alzheimer disease (AD) were examined in ALS cases with head injury compared to cases without. Logistic regression was performed with each neuropathologic diagnosis as an outcome measure and head injury as a predictor variable. RESULTS: No difference was seen in rate of decline of the ALSFRS-R between patients with head injury (n = 24) and without (n = 76), with mean monthly decline of -0.9 for both groups (p = 0.18). Of 47 ALS autopsy cases (n = 9 with head injury, n = 38 without), no significant differences were seen in the frequency of tau proteinopathy (11% with head injury; 24% without), TDP-43 in the brain (44% with head injury; 45% without), or AD pathology (33% with head injury; 26% without). Independent logistic regression models showed head injury was not a predictor of tau pathology (p = 0.42) or TDP-43 in the brain (p = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Head injury was not associated with faster disease progression in ALS and did not result in a specific neuropathologic phenotype. The tau pathology described with chronic traumatic encephalopathy was found in ALS autopsy cases both with and without head injury.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
12 Own result · 10 Own method · 7 Sources not found · 5 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A linear regression model was also performed using any history of head injury as a predictor variable (n 5 58 with head injury, n 5 42 without head injury).Again, head injury was not a predictor of mean monthly decline of ALSFRS-R (parameter estimate 5 20.06, p 5 0.75).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For calculating mean monthly decline of ALSFRS-R, patients had an ALSFRS-R score of 48 (normal function) at the time of symptom onset.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A linear regression model with mean monthly decline of ALSFRS-R as the outcome measure, head injury with loss of consciousness or requiring hospitalization occurring greater than 1 year prior to ALS diagnosis as the predictor variable of interest, and potential confounders as covariates showed that head injury was not a predictor of rate of decline of ALSFRS-R (parameter estimate 5 20.26, p 5 0.18”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For calculating mean monthly decline of ALSFRS-R, patients had an ALSFRS-R score of 48 (normal function) at the time of symptom onset.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any history of head injury was not a predictor of tau pathology (OR 5 2.46, p 5 0.24) or TDP-43 pathology in the brain (OR 5 1.90, p 5 0.28) at the 0.05 significance level.”
plainn = 43- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any history of head injury was not a predictor of tau pathology (OR 5 2.46, p 5 0.24) or TDP-43 pathology in the brain (OR 5 1.90, p 5 0.28) at the 0.05 significance level.”
plainn = 43- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Independent logistic regression models showed head injury was not a predictor of tau pathology (p 5 0.42) or TDP-43 in the brain (p 5 0.99).”
- Also stated in: § Head injury and neuropathologic outcomes in ALS. · plain
“Independent logistic regression models showed that head injury with loss of consciousness or requiring hospitalization occurring greater than 1 year prior to ALS diagnosis was not a predictor of tau pathology (OR 5 0.4, p 5 0.42) or TDP-43 pathology in the brain (OR 5 0.99, p 5 0.99).”
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Head injury and neuropathologic outcomes in ALS. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Head injury was not a predictor of AD pathology after controlling for age (OR 5 0.86, p 5 0.89).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Independent logistic regression models showed head injury was not a predictor of tau pathology (p 5 0.42) or TDP-43 in the brain (p 5 0.99).”
- Also stated in: § Head injury and neuropathologic outcomes in ALS. · plain
“Independent logistic regression models showed that head injury with loss of consciousness or requiring hospitalization occurring greater than 1 year prior to ALS diagnosis was not a predictor of tau pathology (OR 5 0.4, p 5 0.42) or TDP-43 pathology in the brain (OR 5 0.99, p 5 0.99).”
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Head injury and neuropathologic outcomes in ALS. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pearson correlation calculations did not support relationships between tau and TDP-43 proteinopathy in the brain (correlation 5 20.05, p 5 0.75), tau and AD pathology (correlation 5 20.09, p 5 0.55), and TDP-43 brain pathology and AD pathology (correlation 5 0.11, p 5 0.45).”
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any history of head injury was not a predictor of AD pathology after controlling for age (OR 5 0.62, p 5 0.54).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tau pathology described with chronic traumatic encephalopathy was found in ALS autopsy cases both with and without head injury.”
- Also stated in: § Head injury and neuropathologic outcomes in ALS. · plain
“The tau pathology described with cases of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, pathologic findings of TDP-43 proteinopathy in the brain, and Alzheimer dementia pathology all occurred equally in ALS autopsy cases with and without head injury.”
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Head injury and neuropathologic outcomes in ALS. · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 47 ALS autopsy cases (n 5 9 with head injury, n 5 38 without), no significant differences were seen in the frequency of tau proteinopathy (11% with head injury; 24% without), TDP-43 in the brain (44% with head injury; 45% without), or AD pathology (33% with head injury; 26% without).”
plainn = 47- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no difference in the rate of decline of ALSFRS-R between patients with ALS with head injury (n 5 24) and without head injury (n 5 76), with a mean monthly decline of ALSFRS-R of 20.9 for both groups.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“No difference was seen in rate of decline of the ALSFRS-R between patients with head injury (n 5 24) and without (n 5 76), with mean monthly decline of 20.9 for both groups (p 5 0.18).”
plainn = 24- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: For calculating mean monthly decline of ALSFRS-R, patients had an ALSFRS-R score of 48 (normal function) at the time of symptom onset.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, this study does not directly study the relationship between head injury and ALS in professional athletes with numerous concussions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“had a diagnosis of ALS according to El Escorial criteria 13 (including suspected, possible, laboratory-supported probable, probable, or definite ALS)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Survey questions regarding head injury were based on the HELPS Traumatic Brain Injury screening tool, a validated questionnaire used to assess for traumatic brain injury.18”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approval for this study was obtained from the Emory Institutional Review Board.Informed consent was obtained from all living subjects who participated in the study.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This definition is consistent with findings from previous epidemiologic studies of head injury and ALS.2,5”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All ALSFRS-R measurements were obtained at a single institution by clinical nurses or research coordinators with training certification by the Northeast ALS Consortium for performing this test.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A linear regression model was created with mean monthly change of ALSFRS-R as the outcome measure and head injury as the predictor variable of interest, while controlling for variables that could potentially confound the association between head injury and ALS disease progression.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“By using only the first ALSFRS-R score in this calculation, disease progression is assessed before the initiation of riluzole and noninvasive ventilation, interventions that are known to prolong survival 16,17 but are difficult to control for given variability in usage among patients with ALS.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Cases were classified as having AD pathology if they met possible, probable, or definite Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) criteria.24 CERAD criteria were utilized to capture pathologic evidence of AD in cases without a clinical history of dementia.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For AD, the model was performed while controlling for age.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subsequently, all ALS cases were re-reviewed for the presence or absence of CTE-like pathology blinded to any clinical information regarding head injury or dementia.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-revised (ALSFRS-R) 14”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Head injury within 1 year of ALS diagnosis was excluded as these injuries are thought to occur as a result of falls from the ALS disease process.5”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data do not support the hypotheses that head injury accelerates neurodegenerative cascades in patients with ALS or that head injury is associated with pathologic accumulation of tau and TDP-43 in ALS cases.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While known confounders were controlled for, it is impossible to control for unknown factors.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
For calculating mean monthly decline of ALSFRS-R, patients had an ALSFRS-R score of 48 (normal function) at the time of symptom onset.
“For this study, mean monthly decline of ALSFRS-R was calculated using the first documented ALSFRS-R score and assuming a score of 48, indicating normal function, at the time of symptom onset, providing the average of rate of decline from clinical onset to ALSFRS-R measurement at time of diagnosis.15”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“P-tau in these regions has recently been described in the postmortem brains of patients who had ALS [31], temporal lobe epilepsy [32], and multiple system atrophy [33] but no known history of participation in contact sports or neurotrauma.”
From The Need to Separate Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology from Clinical Features (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Chen et al found that individuals were 11 times more likely to develop ALS if they reported multiple head injuries within the last 10 years prior to diagnosis (14), although other studies have not found a modifying effect of head injury on ALS (15).”
From Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Within an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Brain Bank Cohort (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“although other studies have not found a modifying effect of head injury on ALS (15).”
From Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Within an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Brain Bank Cohort (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, in 2015, Fournier et al. conducted a study of 100 ALS cases that found that head injuries were not associated with ALS disease progression, earlier age at symptom onset, or TDP-43 in the brain [55].”
From Head Injury and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Population-Based Study from the National ALS Registry (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“In addition, it has been found in a small number of people with (1) substance abuse (24), (2) temporal lobe epilepsy (25), (3) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (26), (4) multiple system atrophy (22), and (5) other neurodegenerative diseases (23) who have no known participation in collision or contact sports and no known exposure to repetitive neurotrauma.”
From Mild Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology in People With No Known Participation in Contact Sports or History of Repetitive Neurotrauma (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Head injury and neuropathologic outcomes in ALS.
“Case 10 (E-H): tau immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex (E, G) and the parietal cortex (B, D) of a patient with ALS who had a single motor vehicle accident causing head injury with loss of consciousness 32 years prior to onset of ALS.”
§ Head injury and neuropathologic outcomes in ALS.
“Case 1 (A-D): tau-positive neurites, glia, and neurofibrillary tangles in the frontal cortex of a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) without a history of head injury or athletic participation.”
Citations
Cites
Mirra, S. S., Heyman, A., McKeel, D., Sumi, S. M., Crain, B. J., Brownlee, L. M., Vogel, F. S., Hughes, J. P., Belle, G. V., Berg, L., et al. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.4.479 · Cited by 4,961
Cedarbaum, J. M., Stambler, N., Malta, E., Fuller, C., Hilt, D., Thurmond, B., & Nakanishi, A. (1999) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00210-5 · Cited by 3,307
Weıntraub, S. (1990) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530120075013 · Cited by 3,018
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury
McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., Nowinski, C. J., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Gavett, B. E., Budson, A. E., Santini, V. E., Lee, H.-S., Kubilus, C. A., & Stern, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a9d503 · Cited by 2,295
Brooks, B. R. (1994) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(94)90191-0 · Cited by 2,171
TDP-43 proteinopathy and motor neuron disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
McKee, A. C., Gavett, B. E., Stern, R. A., Nowinski, C. J., Cantu, R. C., Kowall, N. W., Perl, D. P., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Price, B., Sullivan, C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181ee7d85 · Cited by 659
Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players
Lehman, E. J., Hein, M. J., Baron, S. L., & Gersic, C. M. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31826daf50 · Cited by 638
Progression rate of ALSFRS-R at time of diagnosis predicts survival time in ALS
文治, 木., Fujimura, C., Ishida, S., Nakajima, H., Furutama, D., Uehara, H., Shinoda, K., Sugino, M., & Hanafusa, T. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000194316.91908.8a · Cited by 568
Progression rate of ALSFRS-R at time of diagnosis predicts survival time in ALS
Gordon, P. H., & Cheung, Y. K. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000243812.25517.87 · Cited by 435
Head Injury and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Chen, H., Richard, M., Sandler, D. P., Umbach, D. M., & Kamel, F. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm153 · Cited by 279
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Picard MSD, Paluck R. HELPS TBI Screening Tool. Washington, DC: International Center for the Disabled, TBI-NET, US Department of Education, Rehabilitation Services Administration; 1991.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Katz, D. I., Bernick, C. B., Dodick, D. W., Mez, J., Mariani, M. L., Adler, C. H., Alosco, M. L., Balcer, L. J., Banks, S. J., Barr, W., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000011850 · Cited by 373
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathology in a neurodegenerative disorders brain bank
Bieniek, K. F., Ross, O. A., Cormier, K. A., Walton, R. L., Soto-Ortolaza, A., Johnston, A. E., DeSaro, P., Boylan, K. B., Graff-Radford, N. R., Wszolek, Z. K., et al. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1502-4 · Cited by 323
“− ALS ALS 30 45 15 + + 10 II Bb sPro + 12 − NCI AD NA 87 NA + + 11 II Bo Am − 5 + AD AD 75 87 12 + − 12 II F HS, Co − 18 − NCI AD NA 68 NA + + 13 II F HS, Co − 16 + NCI Normal NA 51 NA − + 14 II F HS, Co + 15 − PSP LBD 73 79 6 − − 15 III F HS − 17 + AD/PD AD + LBD 53 75 22 + + 16 III F HS + 14 + DLB AD + LBD 70 78 8 +…”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of NMDA Receptor-Mediated Glutamatergic Signaling in Chronic and Acute Neuropathologies
Carvajal, F. J., Mattison, H. A., & Cerpa, W. F. (2016) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/2701526 · Cited by 154
“Described brain lesions for tau pathology and AD also show not differences between groups [229], generating controversial results.”
MethodResultMotor Neuron Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management
Foster, L. A., & Salajegheh, M. K. (2018) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.07.012 · Cited by 119
Tau biology, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury, and diagnostic challenges
Castellani, R. J., & Perry, G. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180721 · Cited by 110
Iverson, G. L., Gardner, A. J., Shultz, S. R., Solomon, G. S., McCrory, P. R., ZAFONTE, R. D., Perry, G. L., Hazrati, L., Keene, C. D., & Castellani, R. J. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz286 · Cited by 105
“For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com 13 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 14 Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA 15 Department of Pathol…”
BackgroundInfluentialMullally, W. J. (2017) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.04.016 · Cited by 105
The Need to Separate Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Neuropathology from Clinical Features
Iverson, G. L., Keene, C. D., Perry, G., & Castellani, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170654 · Cited by 72
Physical activity and lifestyle modifications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
Santiago, J. A., & Potashkin, J. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1185671 · Cited by 75
“Indeed, a history of head injury did not correlate with disease progression or neuropathological changes in ALS (Fournier et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWright, D. K., Liu, S., van der Poel, C., McDonald, S. J., Brady, R. D., Taylor, L., Yang, L., Gardner, A. J., Ordidge, R. J., O'Brien, T. J., et al. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw254 · Cited by 70
“Further supporting a link between TBI and ALS, Chen et al. (2007) found not only a significantly higher risk of ALS in individuals who had sustained a head injury within the previous 10 years, but also that the risk was elevated more than 11-fold if they had suffered from multiple head injuries within this time (Chen…”
BackgroundInfluentialIverson, G. L., Luoto, T. M., Karhunen, P. J., & Castellani, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlz045 · Cited by 63
“In addition, it has been found in a small number of people with (1) substance abuse (24), (2) temporal lobe epilepsy (25), (3) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (26), (4) multiple system atrophy (22), and (5) other neurodegenerative diseases (23) who have no known participation in collision or contact sports and no…”
BackgroundIncreased Risk of Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Disease after Traumatic Brain Injury
Barker, S., Paul, B., & Pieper, A. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11041154 · Cited by 55
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sports: a historical and narrative review
Solomon, G. S. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2018.1447575 · Cited by 52
Reversible induction of TDP-43 granules in cortical neurons after traumatic injury
Wiesner, D., Tar, L., Linkus, B., Chandrasekar, A., Heuvel, F. O., Dupuis, L., Tsao, W., Wong, P. C., Ludolph, A. C., & Roselli, F. (2017) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.09.011 · Cited by 47
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Within an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Brain Bank Cohort
Walt, G. S., Burris, H. M., Brady, C. B., Spencer, K. R., Alvarez, V. E., Huber, B. R., Guilderson, L., Abdul Rauf, N., Collins, D., Singh, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nly092 · Cited by 45
Risk of Misdiagnosing Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Men With Depression
Iverson, G. L., & Gardner, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19010021 · Cited by 30
Feddermann‐Demont, N., Junge, A., Weber, K. P., Weller, M., Dvořák, J., & Tarnutzer, A. A. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.630 · Cited by 29
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Neurodegeneration in Contact Sports and American Football
Zuckerman, S. L., Brett, B. L., Jeckell, A. S., Yengo-Kahn, A. M., & Solomon, G. S. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180218 · Cited by 30
“Specificity of the criteria is called into question further based studies that have demonstrated head injury was not an independent predictor of p-tau pathology, when accounting for other comorbid pathologies or processes, such as ALS [80].”
ALS plasma biomarkers reveal neurofilament and pTau correlate with disease onset and progression
Thomas, E. V., Han, C., Kim, W. J., Asress, S., Li, Y., Taylor, J. A., Gearing, M., Fournier, C. N., McEachin, Z. T., Seyfried, N. T., et al. (2025) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70001 · Cited by 31
“The presence of various pTau species, notably Thr175, have been shown in ALS cortex and spinal cord tissue sections, 24 – 26 but these studies also demonstrated that pTau was present in some controls.”
Self-citationWatanabe, Y., & Watanabe, T. (2017) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0327-y · Cited by 27
“When the time lag was set at C 3 years, the pooled OR based on eight ORs listed in four studies [21, 22, 28, 33, 42] was 1.”
BackgroundRetired National Football League Players are Not at Greater Risk for Suicide
Iverson, G. L. (2019) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acz023 · Cited by 30
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Neuropathological Comorbidities
Stein, T. D., & Crary, J. F. (2020) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1713628 · Cited by 28
Motor Function in Former Professional Football Players with History of Multiple Concussions
Tarazi, A., Tator, C. H., Wennberg, R. A., Ebraheem, A., Green, R., Colella, B., Saverino, C., Khodadadi, M., Misquitta, K., & Tartaglia, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5290 · Cited by 30
“Interestingly, Fournier and colleagues 32 re-ported that head injury does not affect the disease progression or the neurodegenerative process in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.”
Impact of traumatic brain injury on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from bedside to bench
Franz, C. K., Joshi, D., Daley, E. L., Grant, R. A., Dalamagkas, K., Leung, A., Finan, J. D., & Kiskinis, E. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00572.2018 · Cited by 26
Risk for Misdiagnosing Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Men With Anger Control Problems
Iverson, G. L., & Gardner, A. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00739 · Cited by 25
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Pathology After Shotgun Injury to the Brain
Tribett, T., Erskine, B., Bailey, K., Brown, T. T., & Castellani, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14001 · Cited by 14
“people with substance abuse (15), temporal lobe epilepsy (16), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (17), multiple system atrophy (18), and other neurodegenerative diseases (19) who have”
BackgroundTripathy, A., Shade, A., Erskine, B., Bailey, K., Grande, A. J., deLong, J. J., Perry, G. L., & Castellani, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-181039 · Cited by 16
Iverson, G. L., Terry, D. P., Luz, M., ZAFONTE, R. D., McCrory, P. R., Solomon, G. S., & Gardner, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18110280 · Cited by 14
Castellani, R. J., Smith, M. C., Bailey, K., Perry, G. L., & deJong, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190782 · Cited by 12
Beaudin, M., Salachas, F., Pradat, P.-F., & Dupré, N. (2022) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2022.2028167 · Cited by 12
“However, head injury has not been associated with a different rate of ALS progression (42), and a sensitivity analysis of incident cases did not significantly change the strength of the associations observed although the association between head trauma and ALS was not significant anymore.”
BackgroundAl‐Chalabi, A., & Pearce, N. E. (2015) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000381 · Cited by 12
“If sport is a risk factor for aLS, the implication is that physical activity, through military training or deployment, might be a cause of neurodegeneration, but it is also possible that genetic or developmental factors predisposing someone to athletic ability might be the underlying risk factor, and there are other p…”
BackgroundAberrant protein aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Wang, H., & Zeng, R. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12485-z · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, they reported that in an unselected group of ALS autopsies, CTE-like pathology, as well as Alzheimer disease and other pathologies, can be found in patients with and without histories of head trauma [162].”
Luo, W., Yang, Z., Zhang, W., Zhou, D., Guo, X., Wang, S.-S., He, F., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2021.785938 · Cited by 10
Natural History of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Magnussen, M., & Glass, J. D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802257-3.00002-x · Cited by 8
Self-citationIverson, G. L., Jamshidi, P., Fisher‐Hubbard, A., Deep‐Soboslay, A., Hyde, T. M., Kleinman, J. E., deJong, J. L., Shepherd, C. E., Hazrati, L., & Castellani, R. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1143882 · Cited by 9
“CTE-NC, CTE-like pathology, or features of CTE-NC have been identified in people from the general population (14, 16, 26, 33, 34) and in people with (i) schizophrenia who have undergone leukotomy (35), (ii) temporal lobe epilepsy (36), (iii) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (37, 38), (iv) multiple system atrophy (12), an…”
BackgroundHead Injury and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Population-Based Study from the National ALS Registry
Raymond, J., Howard, I. M., Berry, J., Larson, T., Horton, D. K., & Mehta, P. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020143 · Cited by 4
“For example, in 2015, Fournier et al. conducted a study of 100 ALS cases that found that head injuries were not associated with ALS disease progression, earlier age at symptom onset, or TDP-43 in the brain [55].”
Reader response: Pathologic Thr 175 tau phosphorylation in CTE and CTE with ALS
Glass, J. D., Fournier, C. N., & Gearing, M. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006192 · Cited by 3
Self-citationTau deposition in the spinal cord is not specific for CTE-ALS
Fournier, C. N., Gearing, M., & Glass, J. D. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009729 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMullally, W. J., & Hall, K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-12642-0.00006-2 · Cited by 2
A blow to the head trauma–ALS hypothesis
Armon, C., & Albert, S. M. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001528 · Cited by 2
Emerging Symptomatic Treatment of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE): a narrative review
Rossi, C. A., Campese, N., & Colosimo, C. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2023.2224501 · Cited by 2
Kuszneruk, J., Chawrylak, K., Kłusek, M., Kubas, M., & Krzemińska, K. (2024) · Quality in Sport · doi:10.12775/qs.2024.18.53301 · Cited by 1
Salajegheh, M. K., & Thakore‐James, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-12642-0.00020-7
Zhou, Y., Luster, C. B., Pinto, S. M., Feigel, E. D., Paganoni, S., Izzy, S., ZAFONTE, R. D., Giacino, J. T., Hammond, F. M., & Daneshvar, D. H. (2026) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1177/2689288x261450846
“25 Hence, the relationship between TBI and ALS described in the present and prior studies likely represents reverse causation, whereby undiagnosed or prodromal ALS increases the risk of trauma, particularly TBI.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Fournier, C. N., Gearing, M., Upadhyayula, S. R., Klein, M., & Glass, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2015-04-28
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1788-1795
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC4424128
- OpenAlex
- W2037332170
- Semantic Scholar
- cb938f15d11ba6cd6e3b4fb9039680baf2d8bbd3
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Emory University
- National Institute on Aging (P50 AG025688-03, P50 AG-025688)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1 TR000454)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, disease progression, TDP-43 inclusions, Alzheimer disease pathology, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, neuropathology, autopsy findings
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Craniocerebral Trauma, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, tau Proteins, Disease Progression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-18, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-18 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
