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Gadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and nature of leptomeningeal contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis (MS) via in vivo 3-tesla postcontrast T2-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI and 7-tesla postmortem MRI-pathology correlation. METHODS: Brain MRI, using the postcontrast T2-weighted, FLAIR technique, was prospectively collected in 299 MS cases and 37 age-matched neurologically healthy controls. Expert raters evaluated focal gadolinium enhancement in the leptomeningeal compartment. Two progressive MS cases came to autopsy after in vivo MRI characterization. Pathologic and immunohistochemical examination assessed the association of enhancement with leptomeningeal inflammation and adjacent cortical demyelination. RESULTS: Focal contrast enhancement was detected in the leptomeningeal compartment in 74 of 299 MS cases (25%) vs 1 of 37 neurologically healthy controls (2.7%; p = 0.001). Enhancement was nearly twice as frequent (p = 0.009) in progressive MS (39/118 cases, 33%) as in relapsing-remitting MS (35/181, 19%). Enhancing foci generally remained stable throughout the evaluation period (up to 5.5 years). Pathology showed perivascular lymphocytic and mononuclear infiltration in the enhancing areas in association with flanking subpial cortical demyelination. CONCLUSION: Leptomeningeal contrast enhancement occurs frequently in MS and is a noninvasive, in vivo marker of inflammation and associated subpial demyelination. It might therefore enable testing of new treatments aimed at eliminating this inflammation and potentially arresting progressive MS.
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“Similar considerations may hold with active leptomeningeal inflammation (Howell et al., 2011; Absinta et al., 2015).”
From A quantitative neuropathological assessment of translocator protein expression in multiple sclerosis (2019) · cites this paper as Absinta et al., 2015
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Lotan, I., Benninger, F., Mendel, R., Hellmann, M. A., & Steiner, I. (2019) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000584 · Cited by 23
“More recently, Absinta et al.(37) reported focal MRI contrast enhancement in the leptomeningeal compartment of patients with MS and an association between leptomeningeal inflammation and subpial cortical demyelinating lesions.”
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“25 A number of studies have reported an association of leptomeningeal contrast enhancement (LMCE) with focal atrophy of the adjacent cortex, but not focal demyelination, 26–28 suggesting a link to diffuse rather than focal neuroinflammation.”
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Self-citationSpinal Cord MRI in Multiple Sclerosis
Muccilli, A. D., Seyman, E., & Oh, J. (2017) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2017.08.009 · Cited by 23
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Ananthavarathan, P., Sahi, N., & Chard, D. (2024) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2024.2304116 · Cited by 22
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“Absinta et al. (2015) identified focal contrast enhancement within the meninges of 74 out of 299 MS patients (25”
BackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset
Maggi, P., Sati, P., & Massacesi, L. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.09.016 · Cited by 20
“This is particularly relevant considering the increasing recognition that B cells are gaining in MS pathogenesis and therapy development (Absinta et al., 2015; Hauser, 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNo Early Effect of Intrathecal Rituximab in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (EFFRITE Clinical Trial)
Bonnan, M., Ferrari, S., Courtade, H., Money, P., Desblache, P., Barroso, B., & Debeugny, S. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis International · doi:10.1155/2021/8813498 · Cited by 17
“The fate of these tiny structures remains unknown, and only some of them tend to vanish over time [5] (unpublished observations), possibly obscuring the spatial relation between LMEs and subpial lesions.”
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“In addition, GM atrophy may be caused by local B-cell infiltration—for example, leptomeningeal enhancement has been shown to be related to cortical atrophy.(4,27) Finally, thalamic atrophy in MS has been shown to vary according to the distance from CSF and may arise from CSF-mediated immune cytotoxic factors.”
BackgroundDiagnostic approach in multiple sclerosis with MRI: an update
Weidauer, S., Raab, P., & Hattingen, E. (2021) · Clinical Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.05.025 · Cited by 19
Titelbaum, D. S., Engisch, R., Schwartz, E. D., Napoli, S. Q., Sloane, J. A., Samaan, S., Katz, J. B., & Lathi, E. S. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.12774 · Cited by 18
“Rituximab 6 (3) 1 (3) 1/7 (14) Daclizumab 2 (1) 0 0/2 (0) Ocrelizumab 5 (2) 0 0/5 (0) Alemtuzumab 1 (1) 0 0/1 (0) Scanner: N (%) RATE of LME by scanner % Siemens Espree 1.”
Afsahi, A. M., Norbash, A., Syed, S. F., Sedaghat, M., Afsahi, G., Shahidi, R., Tajabadi, Z., Bagherzadeh-Fard, M., Karami, S., Yarahmadi, P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11914-9 · Cited by 17
“In patients with bacterial, fungal, or viral infections, neuroinflammatory diseases, neoplasms, strokes, and autoimmune disorders, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted or T2-FLAIR images may reveal abnormal enhancement within the subarachnoid space following contrast extravasation [29, 30].”
Imaging of brain barrier inflammation and brain fluid drainage in human neurological diseases
Okar, S. V., Fagiani, F., Absinta, M., & Reich, D. S. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-023-05073-3 · Cited by 20
“Age and/or disease duration [27, 29, 41], Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) [27–29], WM lesion volume [28, 38, 39], cortical volume [27, 28, 30, 39, 42, 43], and cortical lesions [39] have all been found to be associated with LME.”
InfluentialSelf-citationNair, G., Dodd, S. J., Ha, S.-K., Koretsky, A. P., & Reich, D. S. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117285 · Cited by 16
“( Absinta et al., 2014 ; uciano et al., 2016 ; Absinta et al., 2015 ) Postmortem whole hemiphere MRI at isotropic resolutions on the order of 150–450 μm has ed to identification of MRI signal changes in GM and WM.”
BackgroundSelf-citationStereotyped B‐cell responses are linked to IgG constant region polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis
Lindeman, I., Polak, J., Qiao, S., Holmøy, T., Høglund, R. A., Vartdal, F., Berg‐Hansen, P., Sollid, L. M., & Lossius, A. (2022) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202149576 · Cited by 16
“At the same time, there are evidence that a parallel maturation of B-lineage cells might take place within the CNS: B-cell follicles are present in the meninges of patients with long-standing MS (56, 57) and could also be present already at an earlier disease stage (58).”
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Self-citationMonitoring Progressive Multiple Sclerosis with Novel Imaging Techniques
Petracca, M., Margoni, M., Bommarito, G., & Inglese, M. (2018) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-018-0103-2 · Cited by 17
Leptomeningeal and Intraparenchymal Blood Barrier Disruption in a MOG-IgG-Positive Patient
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“Leptomeningeal involvement has recently been recognized as an important feature in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis [8].”
BackgroundMeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis
Mainero, C., & Louapre, C. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001586 · Cited by 16
“In this issue of Neurology®, Absinta et al.6 report the use of postcontrast T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) brain MRI as a tool for imaging in vivo meningeal inflammation, using the surrogate measure of BBB leakage in leptomeningeal vessels in a cohort of 299 MS cases.”
MethodImmune conversations at the border: meningeal immunity in health and disease
Patel, P. U., Regmi, A., Dass, A. I., & Rojas, O. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1531068 · Cited by 20
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“In MS and other neurological diseases, leptomeningeal enhancement can be visualized with MRI in T2/FLAIR sequences after the injection of gadolinium-based contrast agent [77, 78], however, the underlying pathology is unclear.”
BackgroundNew imaging approaches for precision diagnosis and disease staging of MS?
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“A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signature of gadolinium leptomeningeal enhancement, which may partly reflect inflammation of meninges([34]), relates to the number and volume of cortical and thalamic lesions([35]).”
BackgroundOkar, S. V., Dieckhaus, H., Beck, E., Gaitán, M. I., Norato, G., Pham, D. L., Absinta, M., Cortese, I. C. M., Fletcher, A. M., Jacobson, S., et al. (2023) · Investigative Radiology · doi:10.1097/rli.0000000000001011 · Cited by 15
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“The higher conspicuity of FLAIR post-contrast MRI for detection of TME, as found in our study, is in accordance with the imaging findings in other disease states disrupting the blood-CSF barrier [19, 20].”
ResultMizell, R., Chen, H., Lambe, J., Saidha, S., & Harrison, D. M. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585211023343 · Cited by 14
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“Although the precise clinical relevance and pathophysiology of pcFLAIR enhancement remains unclear, it has been associated with several adverse conditions, including hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke(5) and inflammation and reduced cortical thickness in MS.(3,4)”
BackgroundSusac’s syndrome: Leptomeningeal enhancement on 3D FLAIR MRI
Engisch, R., Titelbaum, D. S., Chilver-Stainer, L., & Kellner‐Weldon, F. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516636836 · Cited by 14
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Pino-Lopez, L., Wenz, H., Böhme, J., Maros, M. E., Schlichtenbrede, F. C., Groden, C., & Förster, A. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458518770268 · Cited by 13
New Ways of “Seeing” the Mechanistic Heterogeneity of Multiple Sclerosis Plaque Pathogenesis
Meltzer, E. I., Costello, F., Frohman, E. M., & Frohman, T. C. (2018) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000000633 · Cited by 12
Friedli, C. D., Wagner, F., Hammer, H. N., Kamber, N., Wiest, R., Diem, L., Chan, A., Salmen, A., & Hoepner, R. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585221122210 · Cited by 12
“This protocol included the following: (1) diffusion-weighted imaging, (2) 3D T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo (MPRAGE) pre- and post-Gd intravenous (i.”
MethodJuryńczyk, M., Jakuszyk, P., Kurkowska‐Jastrzębska, I., & Palace, J. A. (2021) · Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska · doi:10.5603/pjnns.a2021.0077 · Cited by 15
Gadolinium should always be used to assess disease activity in MS – Yes
Granziera, C., & Reich, D. S. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458520911174 · Cited by 12
Self-citationFörster, A., Wenz, H., Böhme, J., Groden, C., & Alonso, A. (2018) · Clinical Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00062-018-0754-5 · Cited by 11
Valdeolivas, I. P., Zubizarreta, I., Martínez‐Lapiscina, E. H., & Villoslada, P. (2017) · Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development · doi:10.1080/23808993.2017.1393315 · Cited by 11
“Accordingly, conventional MRI, brain and area specific atrophy [155–158], hypointense T1 lesions in the spine [159], leptomeningeal enhancement [154,160], new T2* lesions [161], the NAA/Cr ratio [162,163], or the spinal cervical cord volume/area [159,164–167] have been proposed as potential biomarkers in PMS.”
BackgroundEmerging drugs for primary progressive multiple sclerosis
Narayan, R., Forsthuber, T. G., & Stüve, O. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1080/14728214.2018.1463370 · Cited by 11
“In a study of 299 MS patients, including 74 PPMS patients, the frequency of leptomeningeal enhancement was approximately 38%, suggesting ongoing inflammation of the pia and adjacent cortical gray matter [61].”
BackgroundImaging the multiple sclerosis lesion: insights into pathogenesis, progression and repair
Wang, C., Barnett, M. H., & Barnett, Y. (2019) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000698 · Cited by 11
Ultra-high field 7 T imaging in multiple sclerosis
Louapre, C., Treaba, C. A., Barletta, V. T., & Mainero, C. (2020) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000839 · Cited by 11
“Additionally, LME is thought to represent an indirect sign of meningeal inflammation consequent to trapping of gadolinium in fibrotic meningeal tissue, which is thought to form after repetitive episodes of inflammation [61].”
BackgroundResultAl‐Louzi, O., Manukyan, S., Donadieu, M., Absinta, M., Letchuman, V., Calabresi, B. A., Desai, P. A., Beck, E., Roy, S., Ohayon, J. M., et al. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585221097560 · Cited by 12
Self-citationAge-related changes in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Zuo, M., Ramaglia, V., & Gommerman, J. L. (2022) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2022.101631 · Cited by 11
Gadani, S. P., Singh, S., Kim, S., Hu, J., Smith, M. D., Calabresi, P. A., & Bhargava, P. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88414 · Cited by 10
Self-citationVercellino, M., Costantini, G., Cogoni, M., Lequio, L., Sciortino, P., Negri, F. D., Marasciulo, S., Valentini, C., Bosa, C., Garelli, P., et al. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585231199031 · Cited by 10
“LME was identified according to the protocol used by Absinta, 2015: 2 LME was defined as signal intensity within the subarachnoid space greater than that of brain parenchyma and brighter on post-contrast than on pre-contrast scans, and characterized as nodular or spread–fill (subsuming linear and…”
BackgroundMethodFrom progression to progress: The future of multiple sclerosis
Oh, J., Giacomini, P. S., Yong, V. W., Costello, F., Blanchette, F., & Freedman, M. S. (2024) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.1177/11795735241249693 · Cited by 12
“39 Other research methods that may further characterize CNS pathology include PET imaging using radioligands speci fi c to activated microglia and as-troycytes, such as 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) 40 ; magnetic transfer imaging (MTI) to evaluate myelin content 41 ; magnetic resonance…”
MethodEmerging MRI biomarkers for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Maggi, P., & Absinta, M. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585241293579 · Cited by 13
“31 This distinctive imaging feature can present into three main patterns: nodular, spread-fill within a cortical sulcus, and plate-like at the cortical convexity.”
Self-citationManavi, Z., Melchor, G. S., Bullard, M. R., Gross, P. S., Ray, S., Gaur, P., Baydyuk, M., & Huang, J. K. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03425-3 · Cited by 10
Chaudhary, S., Chao, H. H., Agarwal, K., Gupta, S., & Li, C. R. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106270 · Cited by 11
Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging for noninvasive assessment of tissue inflammation
Anderson, S., Grist, J. T., Lewis, A., & Tyler, D. J. (2020) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.4460 · Cited by 11
Vakrakou, A. G., Paschalidis, N., Pavlos, E., Giannouli, C. C., Karathanasis, D., Tsipota, X., Velonakis, G., Stadelmann, C., Evangelopoulos, M., Stefanis, L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1071623 · Cited by 10
“So, findings from this study open the way for discovering research tools for easily accessible markers such as MRI-based and peripheral blood cell signatures for monitoring disease evolution in the era of new drug discovery.”
BackgroundInfluentialRecurrent natalizumab-related aseptic meningitis in a patient with multiple sclerosis
Foley, R. W., Tagg, N. T., Schindler, M. K., Fenton, K. M., Reich, D. S., Cortese, I. C. M., & Mowry, E. M. (2017) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458517702533 · Cited by 10
Self-citationAbsinta, M., & Ontaneda, D. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458519892186 · Cited by 10
Self-citationHua, J., Sun, Y., Li, Y., Zhou, X. Y., Bian, Y., Paez, A. G., Meyer, B. P., & Levendovszky, S. R. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121239 · Cited by 10
Cao, D., Sun, Y., Li, Y., Su, P., Pillai, J. J., Qiao, Y., Lu, H., van Zijl, P. C. M., Knutsson, L., & Hua, J. (2023) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.4984 · Cited by 9
Li, L., Liu, W., Cai, Q., Liu, Y., Hu, W., Zuo, Z., Ma, Q., He, S., & Jin, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152235 · Cited by 9
“The histopathological basis of these MRI findings is perivascular inflammation of the leptomeninges, involving B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages (16, 17).”
BackgroundA pilot trial of ocrelizumab for modulation of meningeal enhancement in multiple sclerosis
Dahal, S., Allette, Y. M., Naunton, K., & Harrison, D. M. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.105344 · Cited by 9
Disease Modifying Strategies in Multiple Sclerosis: New Rays of Hope to Combat Disability?
Bellanca, C. M., Augello, E., Mariottini, A., Bonaventura, G., Cognata, V. L., Benedetto, G. D., Cantone, A. F., Attaguile, G. A., Mauro, R. D., Cantarella, G., et al. (2024) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x22666240124114126 · Cited by 10
“However, some of them, probably the new ones, can be visualized by contrast MRI, indicating that they are building around vessels with damaged or incomplete BBBs [46, 48].”
BackgroundParillo, M., Mallio, C. A., Dekkers, I. A., Rovira, À., van der Molen, A. J., Quattrocchi, C. C., & The ESMRMB-GREC Working Group (2024) · Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10334-024-01151-0 · Cited by 9
“This phenomenon serves as a non-invasive and in vivo indicator of inflammation and the accompanying subpial demyelination [78].”
Spring cleaning: time to rethink imaging research lines in MS?
Absinta, M., Reich, D. S., & Filippi, M. (2016) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8060-0 · Cited by 10
“In two autopsy cases, foci of leptomeningeal enhancement in vivo colocalized with clusters of lymphocytes and macrophages around meningeal vessels and are apposed to subpial cortical demyelination [95] (Fig.”
BackgroundSelf-citationImaging of Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders
Balashov, K. E. (2016) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000373 · Cited by 9
“7% of healthy subjects (Figure 11-7).(23) This feature is more common in progressive MS compared to relapsingremittingMS.”
BackgroundCortical and meningeal pathology in progressive multiple sclerosis: a new therapeutic target?
Silva, B. A., & Ferrari, C. C. (2018) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2018-0017 · Cited by 10
White matter changes measured by multi-component MR Fingerprinting in multiple sclerosis
Nagtegaal, M. A., Hermann, I., Weingärtner, S., Martínez‐Heras, E., Solana, E., Llufriú, S., Gass, A., Poot, D. H. J., van Osch, M. J. P., Vos, F. M., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103528 · Cited by 8
“This is relevant, as previous studies have shown that changes in the normal appearing white matter are more pronounced in patients with progressive MS compared to relapsing remitting MS (Absinta et al., 2015; Preziosa et al., 2014).”
ResultTypical and Emerging Diagnostic MRI Features in Multiple Sclerosis
Rovira, À., Auger, C., Sceppacuercia, S., & Torres, C. (2024) · Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal · doi:10.1177/08465371241261847 · Cited by 10
“…images, in 20% to 50% of MS patients, especially in those with the progressive forms of the disease, in older patients, and in those with longer disease duration, 92-94 particularly if a minimum delay time of 10 minutes between contrast injection and image acquisition is used 93,95 (Figure 21).”
Dickinson, P. J., Jones‐Woods, S., & Cissell, D. D. (2018) · Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound · doi:10.1111/vru.12605 · Cited by 8
Silva, B. A., Miglietta, E. A., & Ferrari, C. C. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102845 · Cited by 8
Imag(in)ing multiple sclerosis: Time to take better pictures
Reich, D. S. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.09.015 · Cited by 8
“We might be able to see inflammation in the leptomeninges, a small portion of which can be visualized with T2-weighted FLAIR MRI scans performed at least 10 min after gadolinium contrast injection in about a third of cases of progressive MS (Absinta et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCacciaguerra, L., Rocca, M. A., & Filippi, M. (2023) · Korean Journal of Radiology · doi:10.3348/kjr.2023.0360 · Cited by 10
“The foci of leptomeningeal enhancement usually persist over time [148,150-153], and are not significantly altered by the administration of disease-modifying drugs [151-153].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Absinta, M., Vuolo, L., Rao, A., Nair, G., Sati, P., Cortese, I. C. M., Ohayon, J., Fenton, K., Reyes-Mantilla, M. I., Maric, D., Calabresi, P. A., Butman, J. A., Pardo, C. A., & Reich, D. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- From the Translational Neuroradiology Unit (M.A., L.V., A.R., G.N., P.S., D.S.R.), Neuroimmunology Clinic (I.C.M.C., J.O., K.F.), and Flow Cytometry Core Facility (D.M.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Neurology and Radiology (L.V.), University of Florence, Italy;...
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2015-07-07
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-28
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC4501940
- OpenAlex
- W2169159041
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 23.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, leptomeningeal inflammation, gadolinium-enhancing lesions, progressive multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, cortical demyelination, MRI-pathology correlation, 7T MRI
- MeSH terms
- Gadolinium, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Meninges, Meningitis, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
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