The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and nature of leptomeningeal contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis (MS) via in vivo 3-tesla postcontrast T2-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI and 7-tesla postmortem MRI-pathology correlation. METHODS: Brain MRI, using the postcontrast T2-weighted, FLAIR technique, was prospectively collected in 299 MS cases and 37 age-matched neurologically healthy controls. Expert raters evaluated focal gadolinium enhancement in the leptomeningeal compartment. Two progressive MS cases came to autopsy after in vivo MRI characterization. Pathologic and immunohistochemical examination assessed the association of enhancement with leptomeningeal inflammation and adjacent cortical demyelination. RESULTS: Focal contrast enhancement was detected in the leptomeningeal compartment in 74 of 299 MS cases (25%) vs 1 of 37 neurologically healthy controls (2.7%; p = 0.001). Enhancement was nearly twice as frequent (p = 0.009) in progressive MS (39/118 cases, 33%) as in relapsing-remitting MS (35/181, 19%). Enhancing foci generally remained stable throughout the evaluation period (up to 5.5 years). Pathology showed perivascular lymphocytic and mononuclear infiltration in the enhancing areas in association with flanking subpial cortical demyelination. CONCLUSION: Leptomeningeal contrast enhancement occurs frequently in MS and is a noninvasive, in vivo marker of inflammation and associated subpial demyelination. It might therefore enable testing of new treatments aimed at eliminating this inflammation and potentially arresting progressive MS.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similar considerations may hold with active leptomeningeal inflammation (Howell et al., 2011; Absinta et al., 2015).”
From A quantitative neuropathological assessment of translocator protein expression in multiple sclerosis (2019) · cites this paper as Absinta et al., 2015
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria
Polman, C. H., Reingold, S. C., Banwell, B., Clanet, M., Cohen, J. A., Filippi, M., Fujihara, K., Havrdova, E., Hutchinson, M., Kappos, L., et al. (2011) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22366 · Cited by 9,802
New Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypic Classification
LUBLIN, F. D. (2014) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000367614 · Cited by 4,277
B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Hauser, S. L., Waubant, E., Arnold, D. L., Vollmer, T., Antel, J., Fox, R. J., Bar-Or, A., Panzara, M., Sarkar, N., Agarwal, S., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706383 · Cited by 2,439
Magliozzi, R., Howell, O. W., Vora, A., Serafini, B., Nicholas, R. S., Puopolo, M., Reynolds, R., & Aloisi, F. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm038 · Cited by 1,492
Serafini, B., Rosicarelli, B., Magliozzi, R., Stigliano, E., & Aloisi, F. (2004) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00049.x · Cited by 1,208
Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis.
Lucchinetti, C. F., Popescu, B. F. G., Bunyan, R. F., Moll, N. M., Roemer, S. F., Lassmann, H., Brück, W., Parisi, J. E., Scheithauer, B. W., Giannini, C., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1100648 · Cited by 1,103
Hawker, K., O'Connor, P. W., Freedman, M. S., Calabresi, P. A., Antel, J. P., Simon, J. H., Hauser, S. L., Waubant, E. L., Vollmer, T. L., PANITCH, H. S., et al. (2009) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21867 · Cited by 953
Self-citationNeonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease Responsive to Interleukin-1β Inhibition
Goldbach‐Mansky, R. T., Garnes, N. D., Canna, S., Gelabert, A., Jones, J. H., Rubin, B. I., Kim, H. J., Brewer, C. C., Zalewski, C. K., Wiggs, E. A., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa055137 · Cited by 923
Self-citationLymphoid neogenesis in chronic inflammatory diseases
Aloisi, F., & Pujol‐Borrell, R. (2006) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1786 · Cited by 909
Meningeal inflammation is widespread and linked to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis
Howell, O. W., Reeves, C. A., Nicholas, R., Carassiti, D., Radotra, B., Gentleman, S. M., Serafini, B., Aloisi, F., Roncaroli, F., Magliozzi, R., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr182 · Cited by 858
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–296 of 296
Time course of lesion-induced atrophy in multiple sclerosis
Carolus, K., Fuchs, T. A., Bergsland, N., Ramasamy, D. P., Tran, H., Uher, T., Horáková, D., Vaněčková, M., Havrdová, E., Benedict, R. H. B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11094-y · Cited by 7
Manasse, S., Koskas, P., Savatovsky, J., Deschamps, R., Vignal‐Clermont, C., de la Motte, M. B., Papeix, C., Trunet, S., & Lecler, A. (2024) · Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.diii.2024.08.001 · Cited by 8
Toscano, S., Spelman, T. D., Özakbaş, S., Alroughani, R., Chisari, C. G., Fermo, S. L., Prat, A., Girard, M., Duquette, P., Izquierdo, G., et al. (2025) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00552 · Cited by 7
In vivo detection of connectivity between cortical and white matter lesions in early MS
Tillema, J., Weigand, S. D., Mandrekar, J. N., Shu, Y., Lucchinetti, C. F., Pirko, I., & Port, J. D. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516671027 · Cited by 7
Measuring Pathology in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Using Positron Emission Tomography
Brier, M. R., & Taha, F. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01285-z · Cited by 7
“1 3 occur frequently, and are related to cortical pathology [3, 30].”
BackgroundGadolinium leakage in ocular structures in optic neuritis.
Förster, A., Böhme, J., Groden, C., & Wenz, H. (2019) · Journal of clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2019.05.050 · Cited by 8
Resident T cells in the healthy and multiple sclerosis brain
Smolders, J., Hsiao, C., Huitinga, I., & Hamann, J. (2026) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2025.12.006 · Cited by 8
Shirani, A., Stüve, O., & Cross, A. H. (2023) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2023.06.001 · Cited by 6
Corneal immune cells as a biomarker of inflammation in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study
Petropoulos, I. N., John, K., Al‐Shibani, F., Ponirakis, G., Khan, A., Gad, H., Mahfoud, Z. R., Altarawneh, H. N., Rehman, M. H., Al-Merekhi, D., et al. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864231204974 · Cited by 6
Advances in Imaging Multiple Sclerosis
Caverzasi, E., Cordano, C., Hauser, S. L., Henry, R. G., & Bischof, A. (2017) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1607278 · Cited by 6
Imaging of meningeal inflammation should become part of the routine MRI protocol – Yes
Absinta, M., & Reich, D. S. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458518794082 · Cited by 5
Self-citationSastre‐Garriga, J. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516644677 · Cited by 6
Treatment Monitoring in Multiple Sclerosis — Efficacy and Safety
Mahmoudi, N., & Wattjes, M. P. (2024) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2024.03.009 · Cited by 6
Decoding Gray Matter Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis via Imaging
Zivadinov, R., Schweser, F., Jakimovski, D., Bergsland, N., & Dwyer, M. G. (2024) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2024.03.007 · Cited by 5
Lymphotoxin-dependent elevated meningeal CXCL13:BAFF ratios drive gray matter injury
Naouar, I., Pangan, A., Zuo, M., Raza, S. A., Champagne-Jorgensen, K., Patel, J., Wang, A. A., Pu, A., Ward, L. A., Ahn, J. S. Y., et al. (2026) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-025-02359-5 · Cited by 5
“While contrast-enhanced fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging 12 and, more recently, 7T MRI 50,51 have the capacity to visualize leptomeningeal enhancement, whether this represents TLTs or scar tissue resulting from stromal cell remodeling underpinning these structures 52,53 , remains…”
Self-citationLimited Utility of Gadolinium Contrast Administration in Routine Multiple Sclerosis Surveillance
Johnston, G. P., Johnson, T., Solomon, A. J., Bazylewicz, M., Allison, J. B., Azalone, E., & Ulano, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.12805 · Cited by 5
Silva, B. A., Miglietta, E. A., & Ferrari, C. C. (2020) · Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation · doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2020.47 · Cited by 5
“However, the exact relationship between these follicular meningeal structures and disease progression is not yet fully understood([43]).”
BackgroundFeng, J. J., & Ontaneda, D. (2017) · Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.2147/dnnd.s100096 · Cited by 5
Kilsdonk, I. D., Schoonheim, M. M., & Wattjes, M. P. (2017) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458517704924 · Cited by 5
Curing Multiple Sclerosis: How to Know When We're There
Hauser, S. L. (2021) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26155 · Cited by 5
Vakrakou, A. G., Chatzistamatiou, T. K., Koros, C., Karathanasis, D., Tentolouris-Piperas, V., Tzanetakos, D., Stathopoulos, P., Koutsis, G., Spyropoulou‐Vlachou, M., Evangelopoulos, M., et al. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103858 · Cited by 5
Abramova, A. A., Владимировна, З. И., Кротенкова, И. А., Kochergin, I. A., & Zakharova, M. N. (2019) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20191191021 · Cited by 5
“ществе, а также соотношения между хроническими и острыми очагами демиелинизации при выполнении МРТ в динамике выраженность лептоменингеального КУ остается неизменной в пространстве и времени [9].”
InfluentialOkar, S. V., & Reich, D. S. (2021) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.21.26999 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPathology of Multiple Sclerosis
Dunham, J., & Mahajan, K. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61883-4_8 · Cited by 6
Cooze, B., Neal, J., Vineed, A., Oliveira, J. C., Griffiths, L., Allen, K. H., Hawkins, K., Yadanar, H., Gerhards, K., Farkas, I., et al. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13121020 · Cited by 5
“Cortical, particularly subpial, and meningeal pathology are poorly resolved by current neuroimaging [41,42] but are well-recognised components of a worsening MS [14,40].”
BackgroundZurawski, J. D., Tauhid, S., Healy, B. C., Chu, R., Houtchens, M. K., Jalkh, Y., Khalil, S., Quattrucci, M., Mateen, F. J., Napoli, S. Q., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.70032 · Cited by 4
The Elusive B Cell Antigen in Multiple Sclerosis: Time to Rethink CNS B Cell Functions
Mailaender, F., Vasilenko, N., Tieck, M. P., Schembecker, S., & Kowarik, M. C. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110771 · Cited by 5
Marchi, L., Mariottini, A., Viti, V., Bianchi, A., Nozzoli, C., Repice, A. M., Boncompagni, R., Ginestroni, A., Damato, V., Barilaro, A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1373385 · Cited by 5
“Patients with LME had a lower total brain and cortical volume (9, 12, 13), but the spatial association between LME and cortical lesions detected by MRI remains controversial (14, 15).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMagnetic Resonance Imaging and Analysis in Multiple Sclerosis
Jakimovski, D., Ramasamy, D. P., & Zivadinov, R. (2019) · Current clinical neurology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24436-1_6 · Cited by 5
Massacesi, L., Mariottini, A., & Nicoletti, F. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154288 · Cited by 4
“Leptomeningeal enhancement (LME) detected by MRI using post-contrast fluidattenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images was suggested as an imaging marker of follicle-like structures [73].”
MethodImaging Outcomes for Phase 2 Trials Targeting Compartmentalized Inflammation
Gaitán, M. I., Márquez, R., Ayerbe, J., & Reich, D. S. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585241301303 · Cited by 3
“47 However, there are contradictory data about the relationship between LME and cortical lesions.”
InfluentialSelf-citationFocal cortical atrophy following transient meningeal enhancement in a progressive multiple sclerosis
Bonnan, M., Money, P., Desblache, P., Marasescu, R., Puvilland, L.-M., Demasles, S., Dahan, C., Krim, E., Tucholka, A., Doyle, S., et al. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04764-0 · Cited by 3
Role of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Ochi, H. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1111/cen3.12671 · Cited by 4
Spectrum and Mimics of Brain Surface Enhancement on Postcontrast FLAIR Images
Rogers, S. N., & Becker, J. (2023) · Neurographics · doi:10.3174/ng.2100044 · Cited by 3
Abramova, A. A., Владимировна, З. И., Кротенкова, И. А., Kochergin, I. A., & Zakharova, M. N. (2019) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro201911910221 · Cited by 3
Imaging of meningeal inflammation should become part of the routine MRI protocol – No
Wattjes, M. P., & Killestein, J. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458518799642 · Cited by 3
Gadolinium should always be used to assess disease activity in MS – Commentary
Bagnato, F. R. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458520923976 · Cited by 3
Intrathecal Immunoglobulin Synthesis in MS—A Complete Reappraisal
Bonnan, M. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/63201 · Cited by 3
“Nevertheless, it was recently demonstrated that late post‐contrast FLAIR sequences on 3T‐MRI sequences might sample few leptomeningeal lesions (one lesion in 65% of patients, ≤6 in all of them) in a third of progressive patients [181], and this prevalence could be higher with 7T‐MRI.”
BackgroundKeser, Z., Hasan, K. M., Mwangi, B., Gabr, R., & Nelson, F. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.12406 · Cited by 4
Penner, I., Gass, A., Schreiber, H., & Wattjes, M. P. (2021) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-021-01118-9 · Cited by 3
Nociceptive and mixed pains in patients with multiple sclerosis
Спирин, Н. Н., Киселев, Д. В., Baranova, N. S., & Karpova, M. S. (2022) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202212207244 · Cited by 2
Zurawski, J. D., Tuncer, A., Profant, M. R., Wang, J., Green, M., Park, Y., Cao, K., Paris, S., Tauhid, S., Jalkh, Y., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2526147123 · Cited by 2
Leptomeningeal enhancement of the spinal cord in sarcoidosis
Absinta, M. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458518771873 · Cited by 2
Self-citationCruz, A., Pereira, D. J., & Batista, S. (2024) · Acta Médica Portuguesa · doi:10.20344/amp.20467 · Cited by 2
Vakrakou, A. G., Papadopoulos, I., Brinia, M.-E., Karathanasis, D., Panaretos, D., Stathopoulos, P., Alexaki, A., Pantoleon, V., Karavasilis, E., Velonakis, G., et al. (2025) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-025-03595-0 · Cited by 3
Imaging of meningeal inflammation should become part of the routine MRI protocol – Commentary
Rovira, À. (2018) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458518799590 · Cited by 2
B‐cell‐targeted therapy in multiple sclerosis
Ochi, H. (2016) · Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1111/cen3.12328 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, a more recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study showed the focal leptomeningeal contrast enhancement in the brain of patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS).(33) Another pathological implication of B cells includes the presence of B cells, antibody and complement deposition in at least a subtype…”
BackgroundAuger, C., & Rovira, À. (2020) · Radiología · doi:10.1016/j.rx.2020.07.002 · Cited by 3
Auger, C., & Rovira, À. (2020) · Radiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rxeng.2020.07.003 · Cited by 2
Experience with anti-B-cell therapy in the pathogenetic treatment of multiple sclerosis
Boyko, O. V., Петров, С. В., Lashch, N. Y., Гусева, М. Р., & Boyko, A. N. (2019) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2019-1-59-65 · Cited by 2
Kremer, S., Yousry, T. A., Rehwald, R., Lersy, F., Meyer, N., Gerevini, S., Napolitano, A., Rovira, À., Ng, K., Lucato, L. T., et al. (2025) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-025-03787-8 · Cited by 1
“Our proposed structured framework proved highly pertinent to capturing the various neuropathological disease processes associated with Covid-19 and could in the future facilitate a standardized reporting of brain MRI find - ings in acute Covid-19. to mechanical ventilation [54].”
Neuroinflammatory canine disorders: unveiling disease mechanisms from a One Health perspective
Church, M. E., Hernandez, S. I., & Alvarez, J. I. (2025) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf236 · Cited by 1
Differentiating leptomeningeal diseases through enhancement patterns: A pictorial essay
Akçiçek, E., Aldur, A. E., & Göçmen, R. (2025) · The Neuroradiology Journal · doi:10.1177/19714009251407172 · Cited by 1
MRI in multiple sclerosis: progress in in-vivo pathobiology
Cortese, R., Bianchi, A., & Stefano, N. D. (2026) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001487 · Cited by 1
Boyko, O. V., Khoroshylova, I. I., Петров, С. В., Lush, N. Y., Guseva, M. E., & Boyko, A. N. (2018) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2018118082116 · Cited by 1
Hashemzadeh, M. S. (2022) · Romanian Journal of Military Medicine · doi:10.55453/rjmm.2022.125.4.19 · Cited by 1
Photoacoustic Imaging in Inflammation Research
Chen, J., Xie, Z., Song, L., Gong, X., & Liu, C. (2023) · Progress in inflammation research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23661-7_6 · Cited by 1
The use of animal models of neuroinflammation for imaging studies
(2023) · Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91771-1.00011-3 · Cited by 1
Gadani, S. P., Singh, S., Kim, S., Hu, J., Smith, M. D., Calabresi, P. A., & Bhargava, P. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88414.4 · Cited by 1
Self-citationKarazanashvili, N., Diaz, M. M., Almodovar, J. L., Javed, B., Iyer, S., & Dujmović, I. (2024) · Neuroimmunology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.nerep.2024.100232 · Cited by 1
Han, S.-H., & Yum, K. S. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020170 · Cited by 2
“This imaging marker has been observed in various patient populations, including those with intracerebral hemorrhage [20], multiple sclerosis [21], acute stroke [22], and TIA [23].”
Suivi en imagerie par résonance magnétique des patients avec une sclérose en plaques : comment ?
Cotton, F. (2016) · Pratique Neurologique - FMC · doi:10.1016/j.praneu.2016.01.015 · Cited by 1
B Cell-based Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis
Osherov, M., & Milo, R. (2019) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781788016070-00134 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of leptomeningeal enhancement in patients with multiple sclerosis
shabana, E., Ebrahim, E., Shakweer, M. M., & Rashad, M. (2022) · Al-Azhar International Medical Journal /Al-Azhar International Medical Journal · doi:10.21608/aimj.2022.131285.1897 · Cited by 1
Gupta, S., & Zamvil, S. S. (2021) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000001000 · Cited by 1
“ThoseCNSB cells reside inmeningeal ectopic lymphoid follicles (mELT) and are associated with subpial inflammation in patients with MS, particularly in secondary progressive MS (SPMS), where they may contribute to progression and neurodegeneration.(6,7) The effect of antiCD20 mAb therapy on mELT remains unknown, and th…”
BackgroundGadani, S. P., Singh, S., Kim, S., Hu, J., Smith, M. D., Calabresi, P. A., & Bhargava, P. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88414.3 · Cited by 1
Self-citationWorley, S. L. (2015) · PubMed Central
Vignos, M. (2016) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Hendarin, A., Soetikno, R. D., & Nugraha, H. G. (2017) · Majalah kedokteran Bandung/Majalah Kedokteran Bandung · doi:10.15395/mkb.v49n3.1117
Hoseinipourasl, M., Zandkarimi, M., Abdolmohammadi, J., Sharifi, K., & Miraki, S. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering · doi:10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.967
Imaging and therapy in multiple sclerosis
Brown, J. W. L. (2019) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.52109
“enhancement on T2 FLAIR corresponded to regions of cortical demyelination, and meningeal inflammation (Absinta et al., 2015).”
BackgroundStudies of the Biology of Intrathecal Treatment in Progressive MS
Bergman, J. (2020) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University)
Zuo, M., Fettig, N. M., Bernier, L., Pössnecker, E., Spring, S., Pu, A., Xianjie, I., Lee, D. S., Ward, L. A., Sharma, A. K., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.474008
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-22085-2.00028-8
Cao, D., Sun, Y., Su, P., Pillai, J. J., Qiao, Y., Lu, H., van Zijl, P. C. M., Knutsson, L., & Hua, J. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509366
“Most existing approaches for the measurement of Gd-induced MR signal changes in the CSF and cerebral lymphatic vessels take at least a few minutes to achieve whole brain coverage and sufficient spatial resolution, which provides a relatively low temporal resolution (5,8,17-26).”
BackgroundPenner, I., Gass, A., Schreiber, H., & Wattjes, M. P. (1970) · Imaging and Radiation Research · doi:10.24294/irr.v5i2.1752
(2023) · Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91771-1.00006-x
Molecular and tissue basis of neuroinflammation in health and disease
(2023) · Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91771-1.00002-2
Nociceptive and Mixed Pain Syndromes in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Спирин, Н. Н., Киселев, Д. В., Baranova, N. S., & Karpova, M. S. (2023) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-023-01431-7
Gadani, S. P., Singh, S., Kim, S., Smith, M. D., Calabresi, P. A., & Bhargava, P. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88414.1
Self-citationSun, L., Luan, S., Ye, X., Chen, J., Shi, J., Dong, H., Tao, G., Liu, X., Liu, M., Yao, Z., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3173611/v1
Mainero, C., & Treaba, C. A. (2023) · Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99898-7.00024-9
Sudden Death Is More Likely to Result From SARS-COV-2 Infection Than Multiple Sclerosis
Finsterer, J. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e393
“15 Therefore, it is possible that the meningeal enhancement observed in our case may have been related to meningeal inflammation and subpial demyelination.”
BackgroundGadolinium-enhanced 3D-FLAIR MRI: spectrum of pial pathology and imaging pitfalls (P4.405)
Titelbaum, D. S., Engisch, R., Schwartz, E. D., & Napoli, S. Q. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.88.16_supplement.p4.405
Novel imaging approaches in multiple sclerosis
Farez, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823848-6.00002-6
Multiple sclerosis: Clinical course, open questions, unmet clinical needs
Zurawski, J. D., & Weiner, H. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823848-6.00001-4
Gadani, S. P., Singh, S., Kim, S., Hu, J., Smith, M. D., Calabresi, P. A., & Bhargava, P. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.88414.2
Self-citationUher, T., & Vaněčková, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95739-7.00014-9
Immunopathogenesis of HAM/TSP and Radiological Features of Disease Progression
Stack, E. H., Mina, Y., Nair, G., & Jacobson, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68237-7_26
Self-citationUher, T. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98945-2_1
Gupta, K., Kesharwani, A., Rua, S., Singh, S. S., Siu, C., Jank, L., Smith, M. D., Calabresi, P. A., & Bhargava, P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26624428
Self-citationApplication of Post-Contrast T2 FLAIR Imaging in the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Stegura, D. S., Коновалов, Р. Н., Александровна, Б. И., Bryukhov, V. V., & Кротенкова, М. В. (2025) · Radiology - Practice · doi:10.52560/2713-0118-2025-6-13-28
Thommana, A. A., Beck, E. S., Greenwald, M. A., Norato, G., Gaitsch, H., Pham, D. L., Jacobson, S., Gaitán, M. I., Nair, G., Reich, D. S., et al. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173251408625
“We believe that including these scans is still acceptable since LME and cortical lesions are usually persistent fi ndings, 10,32 and our sensitivity analysis of a subcohort of cases with 3T and 7T imaging within three months aligned with our fi ndings in the larger cohort.”
InfluentialSelf-citationDura mater enhancement on 3T MRI is associated with cortical lesion burden in multiple sclerosis
Zivadinov, R., Semy, M., Bartnik, A., Hildesheim, F. E., Tranquille, A., Jakimovski, D., Hojnacki, D. W., Eckert, S. P., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Dwyer, M. G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-026-13781-6
“LME is detected in approximately 20–50% of pwMS using optimized 1.5T–3T MRI protocols [1, 8–14] and in up to 80–90% at 7T [15–20].”
InfluentialAge-related development of meningeal lymphatic vessels in children assessed by 3D T2 FLAIR MRI
Ying, J., Rao, Y., Chen, X., Chen, F., Zhang, T., Li, J., Wang, S., Lin, J., He, Y., Chen, J., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-49446-7
“11[,12 MRI sequences, such as gadolinium-enhanced 13 and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI 14 , have been used to visualize the structure and functionality of meningeal lymphatics in the human brain.”
The skull–meningeal axis: a new window into multiple sclerosis progression
Granberg, T. (2026) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awag177
Metadata
- Authors
- Absinta, M., Vuolo, L., Rao, A., Nair, G., Sati, P., Cortese, I. C. M., Ohayon, J., Fenton, K., Reyes-Mantilla, M. I., Maric, D., Calabresi, P. A., Butman, J. A., Pardo, C. A., & Reich, D. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- From the Translational Neuroradiology Unit (M.A., L.V., A.R., G.N., P.S., D.S.R.), Neuroimmunology Clinic (I.C.M.C., J.O., K.F.), and Flow Cytometry Core Facility (D.M.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; Department of Neurology and Radiology (L.V.), University of Florence, Italy;...
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2015-07-07
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-28
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC4501940
- OpenAlex
- W2169159041
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 23.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, leptomeningeal inflammation, gadolinium-enhancing lesions, progressive multiple sclerosis, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, cortical demyelination, MRI-pathology correlation, 7T MRI
- MeSH terms
- Gadolinium, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Meninges, Meningitis, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
