Regulative feedback in pattern formation: towards a general relativistic theory of positional information
Abstract
Positional specification by morphogen gradients is traditionally viewed as a two-step process. A gradient is formed and then interpreted, providing a spatial metric independent of the target tissue, similar to the concept of space in classical mechanics. However, the formation and interpretation of gradients are coupled, dynamic processes. We introduce a conceptual framework for positional specification in which cellular activity feeds back on positional information encoded by gradients, analogous to the feedback between mass-energy distribution and the geometry of space-time in Einstein's general theory of relativity. We discuss how such general relativistic positional information (GRPI) can guide systems-level approaches to pattern formation.
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A lone morphogen is not sufficient to explain developmental patterning.
“The existence of this regulation is not surprising, as physical arguments show that a lone morphogen is not sufficient to explain developmental patterning (Lander 2007;Jaeger et al. 2008).”
From Graded dorsal and differential gene regulation in the Drosophila embryo. (2009) · cites this paper as Jaeger et al. 2008
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- Authors
- Jaeger, J., Irons, D., & Monk, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jaeger, Johannes
- Venue
- Development
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2008-10-01
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 3175-3183
- ISSN
- 0950-1991 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9129
- OpenAlex
- W1967671268
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/F005873/1)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Keywords
- positional information, morphogen gradients, pattern formation, feedback, general relativity analogy, morphogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drosophila melanogaster, Models, Biological, Systems Theory, Vertebrates, Genes, Insect, Body Patterning, Feedback, Physiological, Hedgehog Proteins
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