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Cited by 51Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingSport Psychology and Performance

Dynamics of pleasure-displeasure at the limit of exercise tolerance: conceptualizing the sense of exertional physical fatigue as an affective response

Hartman, Mark E., Ekkekakis, Panteleimon, Dicks, Nathan D., Pettitt, Robert W.·2018·Journal of Experimental Biology
DOI 10.1242/jeb.186585
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Abstract

The search for variables involved in the regulation and termination of exercise performance has led to integrative models that attribute a central role to the brain and utilize an array of psychological terms (e.g., sensation, perception, discomfort, tolerance). We propose that theorizing about exercise regulation would benefit by establishing crossdisciplinary bridges to research fields, such as affective psychology and neuroscience, in which changes along the dimension of pleasure-displeasure are considered the main channel via which homeostatic perturbations enter consciousness and dictate corrective action (slowing down or stopping). We hypothesized that ratings of pleasure-displeasure would respond to the severity of homeostatic perturbation and would be related to time-to-exhaustion during exercise performed at an unsustainable intensity. In a within-subjects experiment (N=15, 13 men and 2 women, age 23.4±2.2 y; peak oxygen uptake 46.0±8.0 ml·kg−1·min−1), we compared the slope of ratings of pleasure-displeasure (acquired every one min) during cycling exercise at a power output 10% above critical power until volitional termination under glycogen-loaded and glycogen-depleted conditions. As hypothesized, ratings of pleasure-displeasure declined more steeply under glycogen depletion (p=0.009, d=0.70) and correlated closely with time-to-exhaustion under both glycogen-loaded (r=0.85; p<.001) and glycogen-depleted conditions (r=0.83; p<.001). We conclude that in exercise, as in other domains, changes in pleasure-displeasure may be the main channel via which homeostatic perturbations enter consciousness. This proposal may have important implications for conceptualizing and identifying the neurobiological mechanisms of the sense of exertional physical fatigue.

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  • Individual differences in reward sensitivity likely explain part of the observed heterogeneity in intermediate, positive consequences of PA (e.g., improved mood or fitness), which have been associated with the self-reinforcing nature of habitual PA and maintenance.

    “In addition, individual differences in reward sensitivity likely explain part of the observed heterogeneity in intermediate, positive consequences of PA (e.g., improved mood or fitness), which have been associated with the self-reinforcing nature of habitual PA and maintenance (74).”

    From The Role of Exercise in Management of Mental Health Disorders: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [74]

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Authors
Hartman, M. E., Ekkekakis, P., Dicks, N. D., & Pettitt, R. W.
Affiliations
  • Minnesota State University, Mankato (US)
  • Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
  • North Dakota State University (US)
  • Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Experimental Biology
Publisher
The Company of Biologists
Published
2018-01-01
Volume
222
Issue
Pt 3
ISSN
  • 0022-0949 (ISSN-L)
  • 1477-9145
DOI
10.1242/jeb.186585
OpenAlex
W2905289692
Cited by
51
References
105
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1
FWCI
6.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ (am)
Locations
  • Journal of Experimental Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords
exercise fatigue, exercise tolerance, time to exhaustion, glycogen depletion, affective responses to exercise, critical power, cycling exercise
MeSH terms
Adult, Physical Exertion, Fatigue, Female, Humans, Male, Exercise Tolerance, Young Adult, Pleasure

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