Exercise as a Therapeutic Strategy for Obesity: Central and Peripheral Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial condition involving excessive fat accumulation due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, with its global prevalence steadily rising. This condition significantly increases the risk of chronic diseases, including sarcopenia, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the need for effective interventions. Exercise has emerged as a potent non-pharmacological approach to combat obesity, targeting both central and peripheral mechanisms that regulate metabolism, energy expenditure, and neurological functions. In the central nervous system, exercise influences appetite, mood, and cognitive functions by modulating the reward system and regulating appetite-controlling hormones to manage energy intake. Concurrently, exercise promotes thermogenesis in adipose tissue and regulates endocrine path-ways and key metabolic organs, such as skeletal muscle and the liver, to enhance fat oxidation and support energy balance. Despite advances in understanding exercise’s role in obesity, the precise interaction between the neurobiological and peripheral metabolic pathways remains underexplored, particularly in public health strategies. A better understanding of these interactions could inform more comprehensive obesity management approaches by addressing both central nervous system influences on behavior and peripheral metabolic regulation. This review synthesizes recent insights into these roles, highlighting potential therapeutic strategies targeting both systems for more effective obesity interventions.
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Exercise effectively ameliorates obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and reduces cardiovascular risk.
“exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, has been proven to effectively ameliorate obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and reduce cardiovascular risk [3,4,5].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
The Introduction says exercise improves metabolic health in people with obesity, including by enhancing insulin sensitivity. The Abstract identifies cardiovascular disease as a risk associated with obesity, and Section 2.1 reports improved cardiopulmonary function, but neither establishes that exercise reduces cardiovascular risk. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Leong, I. U. S. (2018) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0052-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, H., Cheng, L., & Han, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.883571 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Zhang, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14050212 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Against this backdrop, exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, has been proven to effectively ameliorate obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and reduce cardio-vascular risk [3–5].”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Zhang, Y., Wang, R., Liu, T., & Wang, R.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai University of Sport (CN)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Tiemin
- Wang, Ru
- Venue
- Metabolites
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-10-30
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 589
- ISSN
- 2218-1989 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11596326
- OpenAlex
- W4403968798
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 189
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Metabolites (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Shanghai Sports Science and Technology Program (24C002, 22dz1204600, 2020YFA0803800, 32271226, 21XD1403200)
- Shanghai “Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan” Social Development Science and Technology Reach Project (24C002, 22dz1204600, 2020YFA0803800, 32271226, 21XD1403200)
- National Key R&D Program of China (24C002, 22dz1204600, 2020YFA0803800, 32271226, 21XD1403200)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (24C002, 22dz1204600, 2020YFA0803800, 32271226, 21XD1403200)
- Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai’s outstanding academic leaders plan (24C002, 22dz1204600, 2020YFA0803800, 32271226, 21XD1403200)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- obesity, exercise therapy, central nervous system, peripheral metabolism, energy balance, thermogenesis, adipose tissue, appetite regulation, reward systems, fat oxidation, skeletal muscle, liver, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, non-pharmacological treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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