Exercise and training effects on gastric emptying of carbohydrate beverages
Abstract
Carbohydrate containing drinks are commonly consumed as an ergogenic aid during endurance sports activities. The efficacy of a given drink is limited by the rate of absorption, which is in turn limited by gastric emptying. A myriad of factors influence gastric emptying. The influence of several of these factors (training status, exercise intensity, and carbohydrate composition) was investigated by repeated experiments using a nasogastric tube and a modification of the technique of George. A group of well-trained bicyclists and a group of untrained subjects performed similar experiments. Three different carbohydrate containing drinks (15 g.100 ml-1 glucose (G), 15 g.100 ml-1 maltodextrin plus 3 g.100 ml-1 fructose (MD), 7 g.100 ml-1 sucrose (I] and artificially sweetened water were compared during rest and 50 and 70% Wmax bicycling. Experimental design was crossover. There was a trend for the carbohydrate drinks to empty initially more slowly under the influence of exercise. Differences in drink volume remaining in the stomach were significant (P less than 0.05), with I at 10 min (70%, mean = 48.9%; rest, mean = 30.5%) and at 20 min (70%, mean = 28.9%; rest, mean = 23.8%) and with MD at 10 min (70%, mean = 71.1%; rest, mean = 55.9%). A similar trend was also seen with 50% Wmax exercise; however, this trend was only significant with MD at 10 min (50%, mean = 72.1%; rest, mean = 55.9%). Drink composition was a much stronger inhibitor of gastric emptying. However, all drinks emptied exponentially with fast-phase initial emptying rates. No differences in gastric emptying or secretion were observed between trained and untrained subjects.
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At higher exercise intensities, such as above 70% VO2max, gastric emptying appears to be delayed.
“at higher intensities (e.g., above 70% VO2max), gastric emptying appears to be delayed [121–124].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [122]
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BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- REHRER, N. J., BECKERS, E., BROUNS, F., HOOR, F. T., & SARIS, W. H. M.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1989-10
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 540???549
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002608905
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 1.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- gastric emptying, carbohydrate beverage, ergogenic aids, endurance sports, training status, exercise intensity, glucose, maltodextrin, fructose, sucrose, cycling, nasogastric tube, gastric secretion, carbohydrate absorption
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Beverages, Carbohydrates, Clinical Trials as Topic, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Male, Physical Education and Training, Exercise
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