The effect of volume ingested on rehydration and gastric emptying following exercise-induced dehydration
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different drink volumes on rehydration, gastric emptying, and markers of fluid balance following exercise-induced dehydration. Nine male subjects (27.3 ± 5.47 yr of age, 77.8 ± 7.9 kg) exercised for 90 min (or until 2.5% of initial body weight was lost) on a cycle ergometer in a hot environment (30°C with 60% RH). Following exercise, subjects were moved to a neutral environment (23°C 50% RH) and rested for 30 min prior to beginning a 3-h rehydration period. During rehydration, subjects were serially fed with an electrolyte solution (14.98 mmol-l-1 Na+, 13.51 mmol·l-1 Cl, and 7.95 mmol·l-1 K+) every 30 min with either 100% or 150% of the fluid lost during exercise. Gastric contents were determined every 15 min using double sampling. Blood samples, urine samples, and body weights were taken before and after exercise and at 1-h intervals throughout rehydration. Blood samples were analyzed for percent change in plasma volume, electrolyte concentration, aldosterone levels, and renin activity. Urine electrolyte concentrations were also measured. The final percent rehydration was 48.11 and 67.90 for the 100% and 150% conditions, respectively. During rehydration, the subjects emptied 98.9 and 86.0% of the fluid ingested, and the % emptied and used for weight gain at the end of rehydration was 55.1 and 54.6 for the 100% and 150% trials, respectively. Urine production was significantly higher in the 150 compared with the 100% condition while renin and aldosterone levels did not differ significantly. These results suggest gastric emptying did not represent a limiting factor in rehydration. Furthermore, although there was a greater % rehydration observed in the 150% condition, this was attained via relatively large gastric fluid volumes, with concomitantly large urine volumes; thus, forced fluid intake with a dilute, low sodium rehydration solution was not an effective method of rapid rehydration and may be detrimental to subsequent performance. Additionally, the large urine productions observed in the last hour of rehydration for both trials indicate that fluid retention hormones were not maintained at an adequate level to stimulate rapid rehydration in a short amount of time following dehydration.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A low-sodium drink consumed at a volume of 150% of exercise-induced body mass loss resulted in enhanced hydration relative to an identical concentration consumed at 100% body mass loss.
“Shirreffs et al. [80] and Mitchell et al. [81], who reported that a low-sodium drink consumed at a volume of 150% of exercise-induced body mass loss resulted in enhanced hydration relative to an identical concentration consumed at 100% body mass loss.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
National athletic trainers' association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes.
Casa, D. J., Armstrong, L. E., Hillman, S. K., Montain, S. J., Reiff, R. V., Rich, B. S. E., Roberts, W. O., & Stone, J. A. (2000) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 884 · see citing works
McDermott, B. P., Anderson, S. A., Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Cheuvront, S. N., Cooper, L., Kenney, W. L., O'Connor, F. G., & Roberts, W. O. (2017) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
“The single most important variable may be the volume of fluid in the stomach.(84,229) Maintaining 400 to 600 mL of fluid in the stomach optimizes gastric emptying.”
Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of volume consumed and drink sodium content
SHIRREFFS, S. M., TAYLOR, A. J., LEIPER, J. B., & MAUGHAN, R. J. (1996) · Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00009 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Casa, D. J., Clarkson, P. M., & Roberts, W. O. (2005) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1097/01.csmr.0000306194.67241.76 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“[46,47], Shirreffs et al.”
Prospective screening of 5,615 high school athletes for risk of sudden cardiac death
Fuller, C. M., McNULTY, C. M., Spring, D. A., Arger, K., Bruce, S. S., Chryssos, B. E., Drummer, E. M., Kelley, F. P., Newmark, M. J., & Whipple, G. H. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199709000-00003 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Naylor, L. H., George, K., O’Driscoll, G., & GREEN, D. J. (2008) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200838010-00006 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Cost effectiveness analysis of screening of high school athletes for risk of sudden cardiac death
Fuller, C. M. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200005000-00002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Tiller, N. B., Roberts, J. D., Beasley, L., Chapman, S., Pinto, J. M., Smith, L., Wiffin, M., Russell, M., Sparks, S. A., Duckworth, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0312-9 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“[81], who reported that a low-sodium drink consumed at a volume of 150% of exercise-”
BackgroundPhysical performance and physical activity in grown-up congenital heart disease
Reybrouck, T., & Mertens, L. (2005) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000176510.84165.eb · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines
Gibson, O. R., James, C., Mee, J. A., Willmott, A. G. B., Turner, G., Hayes, M., & Maxwell, N. (2019) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2019.1666624 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“replace the volume and composition of sweat lost more effectively [193].”
BackgroundFluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition
Shirreffs, S. M., Armstrong, L. E., & Cheuvront, S. N. (2003) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000140572 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Although other studies have also shown the importance of drinking a larger volume of drink than the sweat volume lost (Mitchell et al., 1994), an interaction between sodium intake, volume intake and whole-body rehydration has not always been reported (Mitchell et al.”
BackgroundSaat, M., Singh, R., Sirisinghe, R. G., & Nawawi, M. (2002) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science · doi:10.2114/jpa.21.93 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Rehydration index: Rehydration index (RI) provides an indication of how much of the fluid ingested was actually was used in body weight restoration (Mitchell et al., 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialOptimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration
Evans, G. H., James, L. J., Shirreffs, S. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00745.2016 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Rehydration after Exercise in the Heat: A Comparison of 4 Commonly Used Drinks
Shirreffs, S. M., Vargas, A., Keil, M., Love, T. D., & Phillips, S. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.3.244 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“001) was observed for drink sweetness, with subjects reporting Apfelschorle (70 [51–89]) and Gatorade (63 [28–98]) to be sweeter than both Evian (7 [0–16]) and San Benedetto (2 [0–18]; median [range]).”
BackgroundEvans, G. H., Shirreffs, S. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2009) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2008.12.014 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Nutritional needs for exercise in the heat
Burke, L. M. (2001) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00279-3 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Merson, S. J., Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0748-0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The importance of replacing sodium as part of the rehydration and recovery process has been supported by the studies of Shirreffs et al. (1996), Mitchell et al. (1994) and Takamata et al. (1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffect of sodium in a rehydration beverage when consumed as a fluid or meal
Ray, M. L., Bryan, M., Ruden, T. M., Baier, S. M., Sharp, R. L., & King, D. S. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1329 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Recovery after exercise: what is the current state of play?
Peake, J. M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.03.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mitchell, J. B., Phillips, M. D., Mercer, S. P., Baylies, H. L., & Pizza, F. X. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.4.1302 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Although a number of investigations have been conducted to examine postexercise rehydration (5, 7, 10, 11, 15), few studies have included an assessment of function after a fluid replacement regimen.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationOliver, S. J., Laing, S. J., Wilson, S., Bilzon, J., Walters, R. L., & Walsh, N. P. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507682919 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The rehydration solution was divided evenly across the 2 h and consumed equal to 100% body mass loss (BML) or up to 29ml/kg body mass, which reflects the approximate maximal gastric emptying rate for this solution (Mitchell et al. 1994).”
MethodOliver, S. J., Laing, S. J., Wilson, S. G., et al. (2008) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.05.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Luijkx, T., Velthuis, B. K., Prakken, N. H. J., Cox, M. G. P. J., Bots, M. L., Mali, W. P. T. M., Hauer, R. N. W., & Cramer, M. J. (2011) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/1741826711414215 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Casa, D. J. (1999) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Rehydration with sodium-enriched coconut water after exercise-induced dehydration.
Ismail, I. S., Singh, R., & Sirisinghe, R. G. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lee, P., Boo, C. X., & Liu, S. (2013) · Annals of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s13213-013-0607-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Spontaneous activity responses to exercise in males and females
McLaughlin, R., Malkova, D., & Nimmo, M. A. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602417 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Individuals were allowed to drink water during the exercise sessions and any residual loss was rectified by replacement with a 20 mmol/l(1) sodium-chloride solution at a volume reflecting 150% of the loss in BM (Mitchell et al., 1994).”
MethodBody-Mass Management of Australian Lightweight Rowers prior to and during Competition
Slater, G., Rice, A. J., Sharpe, K., Mujika, I., Jenkins, D. G., & Hahn, A. G. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000162692.09091.7a · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“have been observed when aggressive rehydration strategies are employed in the first 2 h after exercise-induced dehydration (14).”
BackgroundRehydration and recovery after exercise
Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2004) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2004.05.003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Olympic Textbook of Science in Sport
Maughan, R., & IOC Medical Commission (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444303315 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“While other studies have also shown the importance of drinking a larger volume of drink than the sweat volume lost (Mitchell et al. 1994), an interaction between sodium intake, volume intake, and whole body rehydration has not always been reported (Mitchell et al. 2000).”
BackgroundClayton, D. J., Evans, G. H., & James, L. J. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0024 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Butudom, P., Barnes, D. J., Davis, M. W., Nielsen, B. D., Eberhart, S. W., & Schott, H. C. (2003) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00054-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evans, G. H., Shirreffs, S. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2009) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h09-065 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Previous investigations (Mitchell et al. 1994; Shirreffs et al. 1996) have shown that to allow for ongoing renal and other water losses, a volume of fluid greater than that of body mass lost is required to restore fluid balance following hypohydration induced by exercise.”
BackgroundBeer as a Sports Drink? Manipulating Beer’s Ingredients to Replace Lost Fluid
Desbrow, B., Murray, D., & LEVERITT, M. D. (2013) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.6.593 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Increases of ~40% in total urine production have been reported with acute large volumes of fluid (bolus drinking) thought primarily due to an endocrine mediated exacerbation in diuresis (Jones et al., 2010; Mitchell et al., 1994).”
Role of exercise in the management of cardiovascular disease in children and youth
Tomassoni, T. L. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199604000-00003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Absence of training-specific cardiac adaptation in paraplegic athletes
Gates, P. E., CAMPBELL, I. G., & George, K. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200211000-00002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Body mass management of lightweight rowers: nutritional strategies and performance implications
Slater, G., Rice, A., Jenkins, D. G., & Hahn, A. G. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093918 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of ingesting a sports drink during exercise and recovery on subsequent endurance capacity
LEE, J. K. W., Nio, A. Q. X., Ang, W. H., Law, L. Y. L., & Lim, C. L. (2011) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2010.487115 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effect of milk consumption on rehydration in youth following exercise in the heat
Volterman, K. A., Obeid, J., Wilk, B., & Timmons, B. W. (2014) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0047 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“To achieve complete rehydration after exercise and heat-induced dehydration, it has been recommended for adults that fluid volumes greater than the volume of fluid lost must be consumed to account for ongoing renal water losses (Mitchell et al. 1994; Maughan et al. 1996; Shirreffs et al. 1996).”
BackgroundFan, P. W., Burns, S. F., & LEE, J. K. W. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123826 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The rationale to replenish with a volume that approximates 150% of sweat loss is to achieve a full restoration of body fluids after a preceding bout of exercise due to the obligatory sweat and urine losses that continue after exercise [14,33].”
BackgroundFunctional aspects of competitive tennis
Torres‐Luque, G., Sánchez-Pay, A., Belmonte, M. J. B., & Moya‐Ramón, M. (2011) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.4100/jhse.2011.63.07 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Along these lines, there seems to be consensus in tennis in regard to the lack of variation or increase in PV (Bergeron et al., 1991; Mitchell et al., 1994; Kavasis, 1995; Torres-Luque and Villaverde, 2007) due to the regulations of the sport, as the rest periods between sets allow for a continual…”
BackgroundRelationships between sports-specific characteristics of athlete??s heart and maximal oxygen uptake
Barbier, J., Lebiller, E., Ville, N., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00149831-200602000-00018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Rehydration and Recovery After Exercise
Shirreffs, S. M. (2000) · doi:10.1002/9780470693766.ch19 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Influence of Nutrient Intake after Weigh-In on Lightweight Rowing Performance
Slater, G., Rice, A. J., Sharpe, K., Jenkins, D. G., & Hahn, A. G. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000240319.16029.5f · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Despite this, gastric emptying rates within the range of 900–1000 mLIh have been observed when aggressive rehydration strategies are employed in the first 2 h after exercise-induced dehydration (14).”
BackgroundConcentric left ventricular morphology in aerobically trained kayak canoeists
Gates, P. E., CAMPBELL, I. G., & George, K. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410410001716706 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…cardiac morphology that is reported for resistance-trained athletes (Mitchell et al., 1994) and is in contrast to data reported on lower body aerobically trained athletes, who tend to show an increased left ventricular mass due to an eccentric pattern of cardiac enlargement (Mitchell et al., 1994).”
BackgroundResultLy, N., Hamstra-Wright, K. L., & Horswill, C. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15224759 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Additionally, ingesting substantial amounts of beverage can be discomforting and could impact performance when the calculated replacement volume is great [14].”
BackgroundResultEvans, G. H., Miller, J., Whiteley, S., & James, L. J. (2017) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0196 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that a volume of fluid 61 in excess of that lost must be ingested to allow complete rehydration (Mitchell et al. 1994; 62 Shirreffs et al. 1996).”
BackgroundRestoration of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance After Exercise
Shirreffs, S. M. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h2001-057 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shirreffs, S. M. (2003) · Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin und Sporttraumatologie · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Concentric adaptation of the left ventricle in response to controlled upper body exercise training
Gates, P. E., George, K., & CAMPBELL, I. G. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00263.2002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Losing, Gaining and Making Weight for Athletes
O'Connor, H. T., & Slater, G. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444344905.ch17 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Laing, S. J., Oliver, S. J., Wilson, S. G., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.5.443 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Trends and Missing Links in (De)Hydration Research: A Narrative Review
Rebelo‐Marques, A., Coelho-Ribeiro, B., Lages, A. D. S., Andrade, R., Afonso, J. R., Pereira, R., Batista, A. S., Teixeira, V. H., & Jácome, C. I. O. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16111709 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of rehydration on cycling performance after exercise-induced dehydration.
Singh, R., Brouns, F. J. P. H., & Kovacs, E. M. R. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
McDermott, B. P., Casa, D. J., Lee, E. C., Yamamoto, L. M., Beasley, K. N., Emmanuel, H., Anderson, J. M., Pescatello, L. S., Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.6.01 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bahri, S., Sigit, J. I., APRIANTONO, T. A., Syafriani, R., Dwita, L. P., & Octaviar, Y. H. (2012) · Jurnal Matematika dan Sains · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Estrategias de rehidratación post-ejercicio: Tasa de ingesta de líquido y tipo de bebida
Soto, M. D. L. M., & Vargas, A. (2010) · Pensar en Movimiento Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud · doi:10.15517/pensarmov.v7i1.372 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effect of Drinking Rate on the Retention of Water or Milk Following Exercise-Induced Dehydration
Sayer, L., Rodríguez-Sánchez, N., Rodriguez‐Giustiniani, P., Irwin, C. G., McCartney, D., Cox, G. R., Galloway, S. D. R., & Desbrow, B. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0176 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, rapidly consuming large volumes of 6 hypotonic fluid has the potential to reduce plasma osmolality (POSM), resulting in increased urinary 7 output (i.e. “fluid induced diuresis”), potentially delaying a return to euhydration (Mitchell et al., 1994; 8 Robertson, 1974).”
BackgroundContinuous versus Episodic Hydration in Encapsulating Protective Coveralls
Bishop, P. A., Jones, E. J., & Green, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459620701205469 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
N. R., R., V. P., M., Swaroopa Rani, D., A. Dhale, M., & Kumar G., S. (2022) · Biomedicine · doi:10.51248/.v42i6.2388 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“, (26), a rehydration beverage should have a sodium level of 20-30 mmol/litre to restore lost fluid and hasten absorption.”
Torres‐Luque, G., & Gutiérrez, C. V. (2007) · Apunts Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1886-6581(07)70056-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs
(2007) · CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs · doi:10.1007/s11932-005-0055-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effect Of Sodium And Carbohydrate In A Rehydration Food On Subsequent Exercise Performance
Yan, H., Weber, T. M., Sullivan, Z. M., Sharp, R. L., & King, D. S. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000355140.03633.f7
Adrenocortical Response to Critical Illness
Jagger, P. I. (1997) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2584-1_7
King, D. S., Bryan, M., Ruden, T. M., Baier, S. M., Rick, L., Burke, L. M., Shapiro, S. A., Roth, J., Mahoney, S., Mohseni, M., et al. (2015)
Costa, J. G. D., da Silva, B., & Vaghetti, C. A. O. (1970) · Revista de Educação Física / Journal of Physical Education · doi:10.37310/ref.v77i143.463
Betreuung von Sportlern unter Hitzebedingungen
Erz, G., & Niess, A. M. (2021) · Sportphysio · doi:10.1055/a-1463-7552
Johannsen, N. M. (2007) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-17114
“Armstrong and Maresh (15) demonstrated that heat acclimation reduces heart rate and rectal temperature and increases stroke volume due to increased plasma volume, sweat rate, and sweat sensitivity (change in sweat rate per degree body temperature increase).”
BackgroundInfluentialNonsurgical Treatments of Obstructive Large Intestinal Diseases
David E. Freeman MVB, M. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781119104230.ch17
- Authors
- MITCHELL, J. B., GRANDJEAN, P. W., PIZZA, F. X., STARLING, R. D., & HOLTZ, R. W.
- Affiliations
- Texas Christian University (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1994-09
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1135???1143
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999769894
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- exercise-induced dehydration, rehydration, gastric emptying, electrolyte solutions, exercise in the heat, fluid balance, urine output, plasma volume, aldosterone, renin, sodium intake, cycle ergometry, male subjects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Dehydration, Drinking, Fluid Therapy, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Male, Plasma Volume, Urine, Exercise, Rehydration Solutions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
