The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Enhanced Endurance Performance by Periodization of Carbohydrate Intake: “Sleep Low” Strategy
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of a chronic dietary periodization strategy on endurance performance in trained athletes. METHODS: Twenty-one triathletes (V˙O2max: 58.7 ± 5.7 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) were divided into two groups: a "sleep-low" (SL) (n = 11) and a control (CON) group (n = 10) consumed the same daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake (6 g·kg(-1)·d(-1)) but with different timing over the day to manipulate CHO availability before and after training sessions. The SL strategy consisted of a 3-wk training-diet intervention comprising three blocks of diet-exercise manipulations: 1) "train-high" interval training sessions in the evening with high-CHO availability, 2) overnight CHO restriction ("sleeping-low"), and 3) "train-low" sessions with low endogenous and exogenous CHO availability. The CON group followed the same training program but with high CHO availability throughout training sessions (no CHO restriction overnight, training sessions with exogenous CHO provision). RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in delta efficiency during submaximal cycling for SL versus CON (CON, +1.4% ± 9.3%; SL, +11% ± 15%, P < 0.05). SL also improved supramaximal cycling to exhaustion at 150% of peak aerobic power (CON, +1.63% ± 12.4%; SL, +12.5% ± 19.0%; P = 0.06) and 10-km running performance (CON, -0.10% ± 2.03%; SL, -2.9% ± 2.15%; P < 0.05). Fat mass was decreased in SL (CON, -2.6 ± 7.4; SL, -8.5% ± 7.4% before; P < 0.01), but not lean mass (CON, -0.22 ± 1.0; SL, -0.16% ± 1.7% PRE). CONCLUSION: Short-term periodization of dietary CHO availability around selected training sessions promoted significant improvements in submaximal cycling economy, as well as supramaximal cycling capacity and 10-km running time in trained endurance athletes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Marquet et al. [40, 41] observed that 1–3 weeks of sleep-low training in elite triathletes and cyclists improves cycling efficiency (3.1%), 20 km cycling time-trial performance (3.2%) and 10 km running performance (2.9%) compared with traditional train-high approaches.”
From Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Marquet et al. [40, 41] observed that 1–3 weeks of sleep-low training in elite triathletes and cyclists improves cycling efficiency (3.1%), 20 km cycling time-trial performance (3.2%) and 10 km running performance (2.9%) compared with traditional train-high approaches.”
From Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Marquet et al. [40, 41] observed that 1–3 weeks of sleep-low training in elite triathletes and cyclists improves cycling efficiency (3.1%), 20 km cycling time-trial performance (3.2%) and 10 km running performance (2.9%) compared with traditional train-high approaches.”
From Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The “sleep-low” (SL) strategy represents one such sequence of periodized CHO availability, which allows athletes to perform high intensity training sessions supported by high CHO availability while enhancing metabolic adaptation associated with low glycogen availability [14,15,16,17].”
From Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, it is noteworthy that studies demonstrating beneficial effects on cell signalling [38] and performance adaptations [40, 41] have completely restricted CHO after the evening training session and after subjects were fed a protein-only meal or beverage.”
From Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, even in the absence of post-exercise CHO intake, glycogen synthesis occurs at rates of 1-2 mmol/kg wet weight (w.w.) of muscle/h through gluconeogenesis (63), or, particularly in the case of high-intensity exercise, lactate (44).”
From Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. (2017) · cites this paper as [63]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Interestingly, the authors also reported improvements in supramaximal cycling time to exhaustion with sleep low but not control.”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“The authors found a small but significant effect on performance as 10-km running performance increased after 3 weeks in the ‘sleep-low’ group but not in the control group.”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Recently, we [15] reported that integrating SL strategy, three times a week, during a three-week training intervention (i.e., nine occurrences of the sequence) was associated with an improved endurance performance in well-trained subjects (+3% during a 10 km running trial), coupled with an increase in submaximal cycling efficiency.”
From Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Recently, we [15] reported that integrating SL strategy, three times a week, during a three-week training intervention (i.e., nine occurrences of the sequence) was associated with an improved endurance performance in well-trained subjects (+3% during a 10 km running trial), coupled with an increase in submaximal cycling efficiency.”
From Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Implementing the “sleep-low” strategy for one week improved performance by the same magnitude previously seen in a three-week intervention, without any significant changes in selected markers of metabolism.”
From Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the performance improvements achieved by the SL program were associated with a decrease in body fat (−1.05%) [15] without any negative impact on immune function or sleep quality [16].”
From Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“A control group, who undertook the same training program with a similar total intake of energy and CHO, but normally distributed over the day, failed to improve performance.”
From Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“The lack of any effect of the SL strategy on substrate oxidation is similar to the findings of our first study using a three-week SL strategy [15], but contrasts with the observations from previous studies on training with low glycogen availability.”
From Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“This improvement is similar in magnitude to that observed previously after three weeks of SL training [15].”
From Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“although subelite endurance athletes performed better after undertaking 3 weeks of training with strategic manipulations of CHO availability (Marquet et al., 2016)”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Marquet et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease
Gibala, M. J., Little, J. P., MacDonald, M. J., & Hawley, J. A. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224725 · Cited by 1,744
Self-citationPGC-1α: a key regulator of energy metabolism
Liang, H., & Ward, W. F. (2006) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00052.2006 · Cited by 1,291
Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements
Jeukendrup, A. E., & Wallis, G. A. (2005) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2004-830512 · Cited by 799
Transcriptional regulation of gene expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise
Pilegaard, H., Ordway, G. A., Saltin, B., & Neufer, P. D. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.4.e806 · Cited by 563
Peak power output predicts maximal oxygen uptake and performance time in trained cyclists
Hawley, J. A., & Noakes, T. D. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf01466278 · Cited by 422
Self-citationBiomechanics and Running Economy
Anderson, T. (1996) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003 · Cited by 311
Fatty acid oxidation is directly regulated by carbohydrate metabolism during exercise
Coyle, E. F., Jeukendrup, A. E., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., & Saris, W. H. M. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.2.e268 · Cited by 296
Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs. training once daily
Hansen, A. K., Fischer, C. P., Plomgaard, P., Andersen, J. L., Saltin, B., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2004 · Cited by 286
Yeo, W. K., Paton, C. D., Garnham, A. P., Burke, L. M., Carey, A. L., & Hawley, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90882.2008 · Cited by 283
Self-citationPsychological Determinants of Whole-Body Endurance Performance
McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. M. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0319-6 · Cited by 276
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–134 of 134
Lost Metabolic Machinery During Ketosis? Depends Where You Are Looking
Wood, T. R. (2017) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000322 · Cited by 2
SAKAMOTO, T., Ueda, S.-Y., & Nakahara, H. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16132138 · Cited by 2
Energy, carbohydrates and fats in clinical sports nutrition
Kozjek, A. K., Knap, K., Tonin, G., Kozjek, N. R., & Gleeson, M. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.102900 · Cited by 4
Co je nového ve světě sportovní výživy
Kumstát, M. (2016) · Studia sportiva · doi:10.5817/sts2016-2-7 · Cited by 1
Une nouvelle tendance en nutrition sportive, la périodisation nutritionnelle
Caillaud, K. (2018) · Actualités Pharmaceutiques · doi:10.1016/j.actpha.2018.02.005 · Cited by 1
Paris, H. L. R., Fulton, T. J., Wilhite, D. P., Baranauskas, M. N., Chapman, R. F., & Mickleborough, T. D. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2019.1654419 · Cited by 1
Nutrition for long-distance triathletes: facts and myths
Kruseman, M., Lecoultre, V., & Grémeaux, V. (2020) · German Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5960/dzsm.2020.461 · Cited by 1
Applications in nutrition: sport nutrition
Kohl, J., Jerger, S., König, D., & Centner, C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821389-6.00024-8 · Cited by 1
Aird, T. P., Farquharson, A. J., Bermingham, K. M., O’Sullivan, A. M., Drew, J. E., & Carson, B. P. (2022) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0142 · Cited by 1
"The Basics of Carbohydrate Periodization for Athletes and Coaches"
Fernandes, H. S. (2022) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2022.42.006789 · Cited by 1
Bernardo, T. C., da Silva, R. P., Tozetto, W. R., Streb, A. R., & Duca, G. F. D. (2020) · Educación Física y Ciencia · doi:10.24215/23142561e132 · Cited by 1
Sending the Signal: Muscle Glycogen Availability as a Regulator of Training Adaptation
Hawley, J. A. (2017) · Research and perspectives in endocrine interactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72790-5_4 · Cited by 1
Self-citationNutrition Strategies for Triathlon
Burke, L. M., & Cox, G. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22357-1_17 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMarchant, E. D., Marchant, N. D., Hyldahl, R. D., Gifford, J. R., SMITH, M. W., & Hancock, C. R. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002715 · Cited by 1
Salokannel, M. M., Hakulinen, O., & Ahtiainen, J. P. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.2013954 · Cited by 1
Low Energy Availability in a Sleep-Low Training Study.
Mettler, S., Müller, B., & Haudum, J. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001360 · Cited by 1
Rothschild, J. A., Morton, J. P., Stewart, T. I., Kilding, A. E., & Plews, D. J. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.22276725 · Cited by 1
Effects of carbohydrate restriction on exercise performance
Shiose, K. (2017) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm.66.125
Detecting novel effects of exercise or AMPK activation in human skeletal muscle
Lassiter, D. G. (2018) · Figshare
Müller, J., & Bleistein, C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-23461-3.00017-1
The Effect of Carbohydrate Diets on Amateur Runners’ Performance
Rosa, E. S., Goston, J. L., Abreu, W. C., & da Silva, S. F. (2022) · Journal of Sports Research · doi:10.18488/90.v9i2.2993 · Cited by 1
Macronutrients and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Recovery
Verdi, T. (2022) · Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health · doi:10.31080/asnh.2022.06.1114
Norum, M. (2019) · Norsk tidsskrift for ernæring · doi:10.18261/ntfe.17.3.4
Individualisation de la nutrition
Marquet, L.-A. (2022) · INSEP-Éditions eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.insep.3180
Self-citationEffects of Short-Term Sleep-Low Method on Exercise Performance and Fat MetabolismPreprint
SAKAMOTO, T., Ueda, S.-Y., & Nakahara, H. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977887/v1
CORRIDA EM JEJUM: MAXIMIZANDO O POTENCIAL METABÓLICO E ADAPTATIVO
Andrés, L. R. (2024) · Revista Foco · doi:10.54751/revistafoco.v17n5-106
Faible disponibilité énergétique chez les athlètes d’endurance de haut niveau
Rousseau, A., & Palazzetti, S. (2024) · Pratiques en nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.pranut.2024.03.010
Gawełczyk, M., Jagsz, S., Zając, A., & Langfort, J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14113846
Nutrição e Esporte: Fundamentos Científicos da Alimentação como Suporte àPerformance Atlética
Dias, L. (2021) · RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber · doi:10.51473/rcmos.v1i8.2021.1135
Exploration du métabolisme aérobie du sportif
Pillard, F., Patarca, F.-X., Pécourneau, V., Balducci, P., Rivière, D., & Richard, R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-76248-2.00005-8
Gasmi, M., Hawani, A., Chikha, A. B., Eken, Ö., Marsigliante, S., Muscella, A., & Khalıfa, R. (2025) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/02601060251385278
Kripp, A. M., Feichter, A., & König, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1750042
Liu, W., Ai, H., Li, X., Yang, J., Jiang, D., & Chang, C. (2026) · The Innovation Medicine · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100260
Mănescu, D. C., Casals, C., Piotrowska, A., de Carvalho, T. S., Petcu, C., Băltarețu, C., Bidiugan, R., Dragomir, A., Amzulescu, O., Bidiugan, S., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18203337
Metadata
- Authors
- MARQUET, L.-A., BRISSWALTER, J., LOUIS, J., TIOLLIER, E., BURKE, L. M., HAWLEY, J. A., & HAUSSWIRTH, C.
- Affiliations
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Éducation Sport Santé (FR)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 663-672
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2409908568
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 25.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- carbohydrate availability, endurance performance, triathletes, carbohydrate restriction, cycling economy, fat mass, trained athletes, interval training
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bicycling, Body Composition, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Exercise Test, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Male, Periodicity, Physical Endurance, Running, Athletes, Meals, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
