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Cited by 47Sports Performance and TrainingWinter Sports Injuries and PerformanceCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Metabolic Responses and Pacing Strategies during Successive Sprint Skiing Time Trials

ANDERSSON, ERIK, HOLMBERG, HANS-CHRISTER, ØRTENBLAD, NIELS, BJÖRKLUND, GLENN·2016·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1249/mss.0000000000001037
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Abstract

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the metabolic responses and pacing strategies during the performance of successive sprint time trials (STTs) in cross-country skiing. METHODS: Ten well-trained male cross-country skiers performed four self-paced 1300-m STTs on a treadmill, each separated by 45 min of recovery. The simulated sprint time trial (STT) course was divided into three flat (1°) sections (S1, S3, and S5) involving the double poling subtechnique interspersed with two uphill (7°) sections (S2 and S4) involving the diagonal stride subtechnique. Treadmill velocity and V˙O2 were monitored continuously, and gross efficiency was used to estimate the anaerobic energy supply. RESULTS: The individual trial-to-trial variability in STTs performance time was 1.3%, where variations in O2 deficit and V˙O2 explained 69% (P < 0.05) and 11% (P > 0.05) of the variation in performance. The first and the last STTs were equally fast (228 ± 10 s) and ~1.3% faster than the second and the third STTs (P < 0.05). These two fastest STTs were associated with a 14% greater O2 deficit (P < 0.05), whereas the average V˙O2 was similar during all four STTs (86% ± 3% of V˙O2max). Positive pacing was used throughout all STTs, with significantly less time spent on the first than second course half. In addition, metabolic rates were substantially higher (~30%) for uphill than for flat skiing, indicating that pacing was regulated to the terrain. CONCLUSIONS: The fastest STTs were characterized primarily by a greater anaerobic energy production, which also explained 69% of the individual variation in performance. Moreover, the skiers used positive pacing and a variable exercise intensity according to the course profile, yielding an irregular distribution of anaerobic energy production.

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  • With carbohydrate intake of 70 g during the three 45-min recovery periods between sprints, there was an estimated average glycogen resynthesis rate of ~47 mmol per period or ~63 mmol h−1.

    “With the carbohydrate intake of 70 g carbohydrate during the three 45‐min recovery periods between sprints, there was an estimated average glycogen resynthesis rate of ~47 mmol per period or ~63 mmol h−1.”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [35]

  • During more intense formats of sprint skiing, glycogen utilization is substantially higher.

    “During more intense formats of sprint skiing, glycogen utilization is substantially higher.”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [35]

  • In elite cross-country skiers completing four successive 1300-m high-intensity skiing bouts (~4 min) interspersed with 45-min recovery periods during which 70 g carbohydrate were consumed, there was similar relative glycogen utilization in bout 1 and 4, with average glycogen utilization of 22% in arms and 18% in legs.

    “This has been shown in a study on elite cross‐country skiers completing four successive 1300‐m high‐intensity skiing bouts (~4 min), interspersed with 45‐min recovery periods during which 70 g carbohydrate were consumed [10, 35].”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [35]

  • In leg muscle, glycogen contents were 303 mmol kg−1 dw after bout 4, which with the same calculations approach would be 269 mmol kg−1 dw without carbohydrate intake.

    “In leg muscle, glycogen contents were 303 mmol kg−1 dw after bout 4, which with same calculations approach would be 269 mmol kg−1 dw without carbohydrate intake.”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [35]

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Authors
ANDERSSON, E., HOLMBERG, H.-C., ØRTENBLAD, N., & BJÖRKLUND, G.
Affiliations
University of Southern Denmark (DK)
ORCID
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2016-12
Volume
48
Issue
12
Pages
2544-2554
ISSN
0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1249/mss.0000000000001037
OpenAlex
W2463676853
Cited by
46
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2
FWCI
5.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
cross-country skiing, pacing strategy, metabolic response, anaerobic energy production, gross efficiency, uphill skiing
MeSH terms
Energy Metabolism, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Skiing, Time Factors, Athletic Performance, Young Adult

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