Efficacy of high-dose vitamin D supplements for elite athletes
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PURPOSE: Supplementation with dietary forms of vitamin D is commonplace in clinical medicine, elite athletic cohorts, and the general population, yet the response of all major vitamin D metabolites to high doses of vitamin D is poorly characterized. We aimed to identify the responses of all major vitamin D metabolites to moderate- and high-dose supplemental vitamin D3. METHODS: A repeated-measures design was implemented in which 46 elite professional European athletes were block randomized based on their basal 25[OH]D concentration into two treatment groups. Athletes received either 35,000 or 70,000 IU·wk vitamin D3 for 12 wk, and 42 athletes completed the trial. Blood samples were collected for 18 wk to monitor the response to supplementation and withdrawal from supplementation. RESULTS: Both doses led to significant increases in serum 25[OH]D, and 1,25[OH]2D3. 70,000 IU·wk also resulted in a significant increase of the metabolite 24,25[OH]2D at weeks 6 and 12 that persisted after supplementation withdrawal at week 18, despite a marked decrease in 1,25[OH]2D3. Intact parathyroid hormone was decreased in both groups by week 6 and remained suppressed throughout the trial. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation (70,000 IU·wk) may be detrimental for its intended purposes because of increased 24,25[OH]2D production. Rapid withdrawal from high-dose supplementation may inhibit the bioactivity of 1,25[OH]2D3 as a consequence of sustained increases in 24,25[OH]2D that persist as 25[OH]D and 1,25[OH]2D concentrations decrease. These data imply that lower doses of vitamin D3 ingested frequently may be most appropriate and gradual withdrawal from supplementation as opposed to rapid withdrawal may be favorable.
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Although serum 25(OH)D levels >185 nmol/L are generally considered toxic, a supplemental vitamin D intake of up to 70,000 IU/wk in athletes is considered safe.
“Although serum 25(OH)D levels >185 nmol/L are generally considered toxic, a supplemental vitamin D intake of up to 70,000 IU/wk in athletes is considered safe [300].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [300]
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- Authors
- OWENS, D. J., TANG, J. C. Y., BRADLEY, W. J., SPARKS, A. S., FRASER, W. D., MORTON, J. P., & CLOSE, G. L.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 349-356
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2530376009
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin D supplementation, vitamin D metabolites, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, elite athletes, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Calcifediol, Calcitriol, Cholecalciferol, Dihydroxycholecalciferols, Humans, Male, Parathyroid Hormone, Sports, 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3, Dietary Supplements
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