Vitamin D and the athlete: current perspectives and new challenges
Open accessAbstract
The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in general interest in and research into vitamin D, with many athletes now taking vitamin D supplements as part of their everyday dietary regimen. The most recognized role of vitamin D is its regulation of calcium homeostasis; there is a strong relationship between vitamin D and bone health in non-athletic individuals. In contrast, data have consistently failed to demonstrate any relationship between serum 25[OH]D and bone health, which may in part be due to the osteogenic stimulus of exercise. Vitamin D may interact with extra-skeletal tissues such as muscle and the immune system to modulate recovery from damaging exercise and infection risk. Given that many athletes now engage in supplementation, often consuming extreme doses of vitamin D, it is important to assess whether excessive vitamin D can be detrimental to health. It has been argued that toxic effects only occur when serum 25[OH]D concentrations are greater than 180 nmol·l −1 , but data from our laboratory have suggested high-dose supplementation could be problematic. Finally, there is a paradoxical relationship between serum 25[OH]D concentration, ethnicity, and markers of bone health: Black athletes often present with low serum 25[OH]D without physiological consequences. One explanation for this could be genetic differences in vitamin D binding protein due to ethnicity, resulting in greater concentrations of bioavailable (or free) vitamin D in some ethnic groups. In the absence of any pathology, screening may be unnecessary and could result in incorrect supplementation. Data must now be re-examined, taking into consideration bioavailable or “free” vitamin D in ethnically diverse groups to enable new thresholds and target concentrations to be established; perhaps, for now, it is time to “set vitamin D free”.
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Cutaneously produced vitamin D accounts for approximately 80% of total vitamin D supply but can vary based on time of day, season, latitude, skin pigmentation, and age.
“Cutaneously produced vitamin D accounts for approximately 80% of total vitamin D supply [282] but can vary based on a number of aspects including the time of day, season of the year, latitude, skin pigmentation, and age [283,284].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [284]
Emerging data suggest that vitamin D supplementation aimed at achieving serum concentrations above the reference value may augment increases in skeletal muscle mass, function, decrease recovery time from exercise, and increase both power and force production in older adults.
“In addition to restoring deficient levels, data are also emerging to suggest that vitamin D supplementation aimed at achieving serum concentrations above the reference value may augment increases in skeletal muscle mass, function, decrease recovery time from exercise, and increase both power and force production in older adults [284,297,298].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [284]
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Collins, J., Maughan, R. J., Gleeson, M., Bilsborough, J., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Phillips, S. M., Armstrong, L., Burke, L. M., Close, G. L., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin D, Muscle Recovery, Sarcopenia, Cachexia, and Muscle Atrophy
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Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete
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“supply [282] but can vary based on a number of aspects including the time of day, season of the year, latitude, skin pigmentation, and age [283,284].”
BackgroundPortuguese Football Federation consensus statement 2020: nutrition and performance in football
Abreu, R., Figueiredo, P., Beckert, P., Marques, J. P., Amorim, S., Caetano, C., Carvalho, P., Sá, C., Cotovio, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001082 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
- Authors
- Owens, D. J., Allison, R., & Close, G. L.
- Affiliations
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital (QA)
- Corresponding author
- Close, Graeme L.
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2018-01-24
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 3-16
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- PMC
- PMC5790847
- OpenAlex
- W2793809916
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 8 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 20.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- vitamin D, athletes, vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, bone health, calcium homeostasis, post-exercise recovery, immune function, vitamin D toxicity, high-dose supplementation, ethnicity, vitamin D binding protein, free vitamin D, screening thresholds
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Vitamins, Dietary Supplements, Athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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