Practicing the Test Produces Strength Equivalent to Higher Volume Training
Abstract
Purpose To determine if muscle growth is important for increasing muscle strength or if changes in strength can be entirely explained from practicing the strength test. Methods Thirty-eight untrained individuals performed knee extension and chest press exercise for 8 wk. Individuals were randomly assigned to either a high-volume training group (HYPER) or a group just performing the one repetition maximum (1RM) strength test (TEST). The HYPER group performed four sets to volitional failure (~8RM-12RM), whereas the TEST group performed up to five attempts to lift as much weight as possible one time each visit. Results Data are presented as mean (90% confidence interval). The change in muscle size was greater in the HYPER group for both the upper and lower bodies at most but not all sites. The change in 1RM strength for both the upper body (difference of -1.1 [-4.8, 2.4] kg) and lower body (difference of 1.0 [-0.7, 2.8] kg for dominant leg) was not different between groups (similar for nondominant). Changes in isometric and isokinetic torque were not different between groups. The HYPER group observed a greater change in muscular endurance (difference of 2 [1,4] repetitions) only in the dominant leg. There were no differences in the change between groups in upper body endurance. There were between-group differences for exercise volume (mean [95% confidence interval]) of the dominant (difference of 11,049.3 [9254.6-12,844.0] kg) leg (similar for nondominant) and chest press with t…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Load is the dominant variable for increasing 1RM, with other variables seemingly of secondary consequence.
“Thus, it can be inferred that load is the dominant variable for increasing 1RM, with other variables seemingly of secondary consequence [12].”
From Loading recommendations for muscle strength, hypertrophy, and local endurance: a re-examination of the repetition continuum. (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Cites
Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults
(2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181915670 · Cited by 4,332 · see citing works
Understanding Equivalence and Noninferiority Testing
Walker, E., & Nowacki, A. S. (2011) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1513-8 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men
Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., West, D. W. D., Burd, N. A., Breen, L., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00307.2012 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Morton, R. W., Oikawa, S. Y., Wavell, C. G., Mazara, N., McGlory, C., Quadrilatero, J., Baechler, B. L., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00154.2016 · Cited by 404 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, every 3 wk) diminished the strength differences between high load and low load training (22).”
BackgroundBrook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Mitchell, W. K., Lund, J. N., Szewczyk, N. J., Greenhaff, P. L., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2015) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.15-273755 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Exercise dosing to retain resistance training adaptations in young and older adults
BICKEL, C. S., CROSS, J. M., & BAMMAN, M. M. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318207c15d · Cited by 203 · see citing works
RØNNESTAD, B. R., EGELAND, W., KVAMME, N. H., REFSNES, P. E., KADI, F., & RAASTAD, T. (2007) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-200702000-00028 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2017) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002200 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Davies, T. B., Lazinica, B., Krieger, J. W., & Pedisic, Z. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., Van Every, D. W., & Plotkin, D. L. (2021) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports9020032 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Fyfe, J. J., Hamilton, D. L., & Daly, R. M. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01605-8 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Jukic, I., Castilla, A. P., Ramos, A. G., Van Hooren, B., McGuigan, M. R., & Helms, E. R. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01754-4 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Androulakis-Korakakis, P., Fisher, J. P., & Steele, J. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01236-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Training for strength and hypertrophy: an evidence-based approach.
Morton, R. W., Colenso-Semple, L., & Phillips, S. M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.006 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Jukic, I., Van Hooren, B., Ramos, A. G., Helms, E. R., McGuigan, M. R., & Tufano, J. J. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01423-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Nunes, J. P., Grgic, J., Cunha, P. M., Ribeiro, A. S., Schoenfeld, B. J., de Salles, B. F., & Cyrino, E. S. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1733672 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Nuzzo, J. L., Pinto, M. D., Kirk, B. J. C., & Nosaka, K. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02009-0 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Haugen, M. E., Vårvik, F. T., Larsen, S., Haugen, A. S., van den Tillaar, R., & Bjørnsen, T. (2023) · BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-023-00713-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Strength testing or strength training: considerations for future research
Spitz, R. W., Bell, Z. W., Wong, V., Yamada, Y., Song, J. S., Buckner, S. L., Abe, T., & Loenneke, J. P. (2020) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/abb1fa · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationTan, R., Pennell, A., Price, K. M., Karl, S. T., Seekamp-Hicks, N. G., Paniagua, K. K., Weiderman, G. D., Powell, J. P., Sharabidze, L. K., Lincoln, I. G., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14183703 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Encarnação, I. G. A., Viana, R. B., Soares, S. R. S., Freitas, E. D. S., de Lira, C. A. B., & Ferreira-Junior, J. B. (2022) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles1010001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Arazi, H., Asadi, A., Gentil, P., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Jahangiri, P., Ghorbani, A., Hackney, A. C., & Zouhal, H. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.10537 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- MATTOCKS, K. T., BUCKNER, S. L., JESSEE, M. B., DANKEL, S. J., MOUSER, J. G., & LOENNEKE, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Mississippi (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1945-1954
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2611460763
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 18.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- resistance training, one-repetition maximum, high-volume training, muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength gain, knee extension, chest press, muscular endurance, isokinetic torque, isometric torque, exercise volume, untrained individuals
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, Electromyography, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Weight Lifting, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Strength, Young Adult, Physical Conditioning, Human
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
