Trade Costs
Abstract
This paper surveys the measurement of trade costs: what we know and don't know but may usefully attempt to learn. Partial and incomplete data on direct measures of costs go with inference on implicit costs from trade flows and prices. Total trade costs in rich countries are large. The ad valorem tax equivalent is about 170 percent when pushing the data hard. Poor countries face even higher trade costs. There is a lot of variation across countries and across goods within countries, much of which makes economic sense. In our survey, theory provides interpretation and perspective and suggests improvements for the future. Some new results are presented to properly apply and interpret gravity theory and handle aggregation.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Equation (1) holds for each individual industry in the sample due to the separability property of the structural gravity model.
“Due to the separability property of the structural gravity model, Equation (1) holds for each individual industry in our sample, compare, Anderson and van Wincoop (2004) and Costinot et al. (2012).”
From Quantifying the partial and general equilibrium effects of sanctions on Russia (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson and van Wincoop (2004)
Cites
Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle
Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321455214 · Cited by 7,566 · see citing works
Self-citationTechnology, Geography, and Trade
Eaton, J., & Kortum, S. (2002) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00352 · Cited by 4,485 · see citing works
The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade
Hummels, D., Ishii, J., & Yi, K. (2001) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00093-3 · Cited by 3,225 · see citing works
The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence
Bergstrand, J. H. (1985) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/1925976 · Cited by 3,024 · see citing works
Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production in the Global Economy
Feenstra, R. C. (1998) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.12.4.31 · Cited by 2,070 · see citing works
Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, Transport Costs, and Trade
Limão, N. (2001) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/15.3.451 · Cited by 1,932 · see citing works
One money, one market: the effect of common currencies on trade
Rose, A. K. (2000) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/1468-0327.00056 · Cited by 1,844 · see citing works
Bergstrand, J. H. (1989) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/1928061 · Cited by 1,800 · see citing works
Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade
Rauch, J. E., & Trindade, V. (2002) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/003465302317331955 · Cited by 1,691 · see citing works
A Generalized Moments Estimator for the Autoregressive Parameter in a Spatial Model
Kelejian, H. H., & Prucha, I. R. (1999) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-2354.00027 · Cited by 1,499 · see citing works
Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of World Trade?
Yi, K. (2003) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/344805 · Cited by 1,355 · see citing works
Insecurity and the Pattern of Trade: An Empirical Investigation
Anderson, J. E., & Marcouiller, D. (2002) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/003465302317411587 · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
Self-citationThe growth of world trade: tariffs, transport costs, and income similarity
Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. H. (2001) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00060-x · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Immigrant Links to the Home Country: Empirical Implications for U.S. Bilateral Trade Flows
Gould, D. M. (1994) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/2109884 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Does a currency union affect trade? The time-series evidence
Glick, R., & Rose, A. K. (2002) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/s0014-2921(01)00202-1 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Trefler, D. (1993) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261869 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Head, K., & Ries, J. (2001) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.91.4.858 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Immigration and Trade Creation: Econometric Evidence from Canada
Head, K. C., & Ries, J. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.2307/136376 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Bergstrand, J. H. (1990) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2233969 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Non-Europe: The magnitude and causes of market fragmentation in the EU
Head, K. C., & Mayer, T. (2000) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/bf02707689 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Distribution costs and real exchange rate dynamics during exchange-rate-based stabilizations
Burstein, A., das Neves, J. C., & Rebelo, S. T. (2003) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-3932(03)00075-8 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Nonlinear Aspects of Goods-Market Arbitrage and Adjustment: Heckscher's Commodity Points Revisited
Obstfeld, M., & Taylor, A. M. (1997) · Journal of the Japanese and International Economies · doi:10.1006/jjie.1997.0385 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Taylor, A. M. (2001) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00199 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Border Effects and the Gravity Equation: Consistent Methods for Estimation
Feenstra, R. C. (2002) · Scottish Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1111/1467-9485.00244 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
The Evolution of Price Dispersion in the European Car Market
Goldberg, P. K., & Verboven, F. (2001) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-937x.00191 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Intranational Home Bias in Trade
Wolf, H. C. (2000) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/003465300559046 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Explaining the border effect: the role of exchange rate variability, shipping costs, and geography
Parsley, D. C., & Wei, S. (2001) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(01)00096-4 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
National borders and international trade: evidence from the European Union
Nitsch, V. (2000) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/0008-4085.00055 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
The Rise and Fall of World Trade, 1870-1939
Estevadeordal, A., Frantz, B., & Taylor, A. M. (2003) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355303321675419 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
National Borders, Trade and Migration
Helliwell, J. F. (1997) · Pacific Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-0106.00032 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Trade Barriers and Trade Flows across Countries and Industries
Lee, J., & Swagel, P. L. (1997) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/003465300556968 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
The Economic Significance of National Border Effects
Evans, C. L. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803769206304 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Exchange-Rate Regimes and International Trade: Evidence from the Classical Gold Standard Era
López-Córdova, J. E., & Meissner, C. M. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321455331 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
A New Approach to Evaluating Trade Policy
Anderson, J. E., & Neary, J. P. (1996) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2298117 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationDo National Borders Matter for Quebec's Trade?
Helliwell, J. F. (1996) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.2307/136247 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Haveman, J. D., & Hummels, D. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/j.0008-4085.2004.011_1.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Export entry and exit by German firms
Bernard, A. B., & Wagner, J. (2001) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/bf02707602 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Deviations from purchasing power parity: causes and welfare costs
Engel, C., & Rogers, J. H. (2001) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(01)00094-0 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Measuring Industry-Specific Protection: Antidumping in the United States
Staiger, R. W., Wolak, F. A., Litan, R. E., Katz, M. L., & Waverman, L. (1994) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Microeconomics · doi:10.2307/2534729 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Mercantilist Index of Trade Policy
Anderson, J. E., & Neary, J. P. (1999) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-2354.t01-1-00083 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Do Consumer Prices React Less than Import Prices to Exchange Rates?
Bacchetta, P., & van Wincoop, E. (2002) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/154247603322391297 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“The bigger they are, the harder they fall”: Retail price differences across U.S. cities
O’Connell, P. G. J., & Wei, S. (2002) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(01)00111-8 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Helliwell, J. F., & Verdier, G. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/0008-4085.00111 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Aggregation bias, compositional change, and the border effect
Hillberry, R. H. (2002) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/1540-5982.00143 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Växelkursens grundval vid pappersmyntfot
Heckscher, É. F. (1916) · Ekonomisk Tidskrift · doi:10.2307/3437879 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
One-Way Arbitrage and Its Implications for the Foreign Exchange Markets
Deardorff, A. V. (1979) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260760 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Canadian Provinces in World Trade: Engagement and Detachment
Anderson, M. A., & Smith, S. L. S. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.2307/136393 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Do National Borders Really Matter? Canada–US Regional Trade Reconsidered
Anderson, M., & Smith, S. L. S. (1999) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/1467-9396.00158 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Why Do Nations Trade (So Little)?
Anderson, J. E. (2000) · Pacific Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-0106.00095 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, J. E. (1996) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/s0022-1996(97)00006-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial markets and the potential for economic integration between Canadian and U.S. regions
Brown, W. M., & Anderson, W. P. (2002) · Papers of the Regional Science Association · doi:10.1111/j.1435-5597.2002.tb01224.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Why are Retail Prices in Japan so High?: Evidence from German Export Prices
Knetter, M. M. (1994) · International Journal of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1016/s0167-7187(96)01021-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Regional trade and “the medicine line”: The national border effect in U.S. commodity flow data
Hillberry, R. H. (1998) · Journal of Borderlands Studies · doi:10.1080/08865655.1998.9695516 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Trade Restrictiveness of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement
Anderson, J. E., & Neary, J. P. (1994) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/8.2.171 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe welfare effects of repealing the U.S. Offshore Assembly Provision
Méndez, J. (1993) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/0022-1996(93)90064-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Goldfarb, A., & Tucker, C. (2019) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20171452 · Cited by 2,744 · see citing works
Estimating Trade Flows: Trading Partners and Trading Volumes <sup>*</sup>
Helpman, E., Melitz, M., & Rubinstein, Y. (2008) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.2008.123.2.441 · Cited by 2,436 · see citing works
Distorted Gravity: The Intensive and Extensive Margins of International Trade
Chaney, T. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1707 · Cited by 2,160 · see citing works
Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure
Donaldson, D. (2018) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20101199 · Cited by 1,665 · see citing works
1 Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries*
Koujianou, P., & Pavcnik, G. N. (2006) · Cited by 1,418 · see citing works
New Trade Models, Same Old Gains?
Arkolakis, C., Costinot, A., & Rodríguez-Clare, A. (2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.1.94 · Cited by 1,707 · see citing works
The Puzzling Persistence of the Distance Effect on Bilateral Trade
Studi, C., Head, K. C., D’agliano, C. S. L., Université De Paris, I., & Head, K. (2004) · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA
Caliendo, L., & Parro, F. (2015) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdu035 · Cited by 1,518 · see citing works
Railroads and American Economic Growth: A “Market Access” Approach *
Donaldson, D., & Hornbeck, R. (2016) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjw002 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
The Purchasing Power Parity Debate
Taylor, A. M., & Taylor, M. (2004) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/0895330042632744 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Comparative Advantage and Heterogeneous Firms
BERNARD, A. B., REDDING, S. J., & SCHOTT, P. K. (2007) · Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-937x.2007.00413.x · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Pricing-to-Market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices
Atkeson, A. G., & Burstein, A. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.5.1998 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Anderson, J. E. (2011) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-111809-125114 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
Self-citationTrade, FDI, and the Organization of Firms
Helpman, E. (2006) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.44.3.589 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Multiproduct Firms and Trade Liberalization
Bernard, A. B., Redding, S. J., & Schott, P. K. (2011) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjr021 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level (the 1994-2007 Version)Preprint
Gaulier, G., & Zignago, S. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1994500 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
François, J., & Hoekman, B. M. (2010) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.48.3.642 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?
Clemens, M. A. (2011) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.25.3.83 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Market Penetration Costs and the New Consumers Margin in International Trade
Arkolakis, C. (2010) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/657949 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
International Risk Sharing and the Transmission of Productivity Shocks
Giancarlo Corsetti, A., Luca Dedola, B., & LEDUC, S. (2008) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-937x.2008.00475.x · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Trade and the Topography of the Spatial Economy *
Allen, T., & Arkolakis, C. (2014) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qju016 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
The elasticity of trade: Estimates and evidence
Simonovska, I., & Waugh, M. (2013) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.10.001 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
The Political Economy of the World Trading System
Hoekman, B. M., & Kostecki, M. M. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199553761.001.0001 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Social Connectedness: Measurement, Determinants, and Effects
Bailey, M., Cao, R., Kuchler, T., Stroebel, J., & Wong, A. (2018) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.32.3.259 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Martin, P. J., Thierry Mayer, B., & Thoenig, M. (2008) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-937x.2008.00492.x · Cited by 590 · see citing works
SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC MODELING OF ORIGIN‐DESTINATION FLOWS*
LeSage, J. P., & Pace, R. K. (2008) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2008.00573.x · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Export Performance and Trade Facilitation Reform: Hard and Soft Infrastructure
Portugal-Pérez, A., & Wilson, J. S. (2012) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.12.002 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
GRAVITY REDUX: MEASURING INTERNATIONAL TRADE COSTS WITH PANEL DATA
Novy, D. (2012) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00439.x · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Collateral Damage: Trade Disruption and the Economic Impact of War
Glick, R., & Taylor, A. M. (2010) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest.2009.12023 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
On the Specification of the Gravity Model of Trade: Zeros, Excess Zeros and Zero-inflated Estimation
Burger, M., Oort, F. G. V., & Linders, G. M. (2009) · Spatial Economic Analysis · doi:10.1080/17421770902834327 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries
Goldberg, P. K., & Pavcnik, N. (2007) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.45.1.39 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Trade Theory with Numbers: Quantifying the Consequences of Globalization
Costinot, A., & Rodríguez-Clare, A. (2014) · Handbook of International Economics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-54314-1.00004-5 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Mélitz, J. (2007) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2007.05.002 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Estimating models of complex FDI: Are there third-country effects?
Baltagi, B. H., Egger, P. H., & Pfaffermayr, M. (2006) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2006.09.009 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Trade Liberalization, Quality, and Export Prices
Fan, H., Li, Y. A., & Yeaple, S. (2015) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00524 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
General equilibrium analysis of the Eaton–Kortum model of international trade
Alvarez, F. E., & Lucas, R. E. (2006) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2006.07.006 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Optimal Tariffs and Market Power: The Evidence
Broda, C., Limão, N., & Weinstein, D. E. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.5.2032 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
International Trade and Income Differences
Waugh, M. (2010) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.100.5.2093 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
The Collapse of International Trade during the 2008–09 Crisis: In Search of the Smoking Gun
Levchenko, A. A., Lewis, L. T., & Tesar, L. L. (2010) · IMF Economic Review · doi:10.1057/imfer.2010.11 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Trade Policy, Trade Costs, and Developing Country Trade
Hoekman, B. M., & Nicita, A. (2011) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.013 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Determinants of the international mobility of students
Beine, M. A. R., Noël, R., & Ragot, L. (2014) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2014.03.003 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Quality Sorting and Trade: Firm-level Evidence for French Wine
Crozet, M., Head, K. C., & Thierry Mayer, B. (2011) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdr030 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Bergstrand, J. H., & Egger, P. H. (2007) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2007.03.004 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Uniform Pricing in U.S. Retail Chains*
DellaVigna, S., & Gentzkow, M. A. (2019) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjz019 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Cultural Differences and Geography as Determinants of Online Prosocial Lending1
Burtch, G., Ghose, A., & Wattal, S. (2014) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2014/38.3.07 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Financial Development and International Trade
Leibovici, F. (2013) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/716564 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. H. (2008) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.09.006 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Current debates in urban theory: A critical assessment
Storper, M., & Scott, A. J. (2016) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098016634002 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
di Giovanni, J., & Levchenko, A. A. (2009) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest.91.3.558 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Melitz, M. J., & Redding, S. J. (2014) · Handbook of international economics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-54314-1.00001-x · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Home Bias in Open Economy Financial Macroeconomics
Coeurdacier, N., & Rey, H. (2013) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.51.1.63 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Information Environment and the Investment Decisions of Multinational Corporations
Shroff, N., Verdi, R. S., & Yu, G. (2013) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-50643 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Trade liberalization and the environment: Evidence from NAFTA and U.S. manufacturing
Cherniwchan, J. (2017) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2017.01.005 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Environmental Kuznets curves: A spatial econometric approach
Maddison, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2005.07.002 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
New Trade Models, New Welfare Implications
Melitz, M. J., & Redding, S. J. (2015) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20130351 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
A Practitioners’ Guide to Gravity Models of International Migration
Beine, M. A. R., Bertoli, S., & Moraga, J. F. (2015) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12265 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Trade does promote peace: New simultaneous estimates of the reciprocal effects of trade and conflict
Hegre, H., Oneal, J. R., & Russett, B. M. (2010) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343310385995 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
A macroeconomic model of international price discrimination
Giancarlo Corsetti, A., & Luca Dedola, B. (2005) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2004.09.009 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Multilateral resistance to migration
Bertoli, S., & Moraga, J. F. (2012) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.12.001 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Baier, S. L., Yotov, Y. V., & Zylkin, T. (2019) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.11.002 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
The Changing Incidence of Geography
Anderson, J. E., & Yotov, Y. V. (2010) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.100.5.2157 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes the Internet Defy the Law of Gravity
Blum, B. S. (2006) · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Regional wage and employment responses to market potential in the EU
Head, K. C., & Thierry Mayer, B. (2006) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2006.06.002 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
On the trade impact of nominal exchange rate volatility
Tenreyro, S. (2006) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.03.007 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
1 Trade Booms, Trade Busts, and Trade Costs*
(2009) · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Unpacking sources of comparative advantage: A quantitative approach
Chor, D. (2010) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.07.004 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
A Portrait of Trade in Value-Added over Four Decades
Johnson, R. C., & Noguera, G. (2017) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00665 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Felbermayr, G. J., & Farid Toubal, B. (2009) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.06.009 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
The costs and benefits of leaving the EU: trade effects
Dhingra, S., Huang, H., Ottaviano, G. I. P., Pessoa, J. P., Sampson, T. G., & Reenen, J. M. V. (2017) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/epolic/eix015 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Does investment in national highways help or hurt hinterland city growth?
Baum-Snow, N. B., Henderson, J. V., Turner, M. A., Zhang, Q., & Brandt, L. (2018) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2018.05.001 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
The geography of trade in goods and asset holdings
Aviat, A., & Coeurdacier, N. (2006) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.02.002 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Bosker, M., Buringh, E., & van Zanden, J. L. (2012) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00284 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Good jobs, bad jobs, and trade liberalization
Davis, D. R., & Harrigan, J. (2011) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.03.005 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Who's Getting Globalized? The Size and Implications of Intra-National Trade CostsPreprint
Atkin, D., & Donaldson, D. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.3386/w21439 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Home Bias in Open Economy Financial Macroeconomics
Coeurdacier, N., & Rey, H. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17691 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Country Size, International Trade, and Aggregate Fluctuations in Granular Economies
di Giovanni, J., & Levchenko, A. A. (2012) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/669161 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Keller, W., & Yeaple, S. (2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.4.1414 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Domestic road infrastructure and international trade: Evidence from Turkey
Coşar, K., & Demir, B. (2015) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.10.001 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
The pecking order of cross-border investment
Daude, C., & Fratzscher, M. (2007) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2007.05.010 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Transport costs: measures, determinants, and regional policy implications for France*
Combes, P., & Lafourcade, M. (2005) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh062 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
A palavra, busca da intangencia
Gregolin, M. D. R. (1983) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Comparative advantage, demand for external finance, and financial development
Do, Q.-T., & Levchenko, A. A. (2007) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.11.004 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Jennings, R. G., & Yu, Y. (2016) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-51558 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Inventories, Lumpy Trade, and Large Devaluations
Alessandria, G. A., Kaboski, J. P., & Midrigan, V. (2010) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.100.5.2304 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
The Geography of Trade in Online Transactions: Evidence from eBay and MercadoLibre
Hortaçsu, A., Martínez-Jerez, F. A., & Douglas, J. (2009) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.1.1.53 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
On the conservation of distance in international trade
Berthelon, M., & Freund, C. L. (2008) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2007.12.005 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Frontiers of the New Economic Geography
Fujita, M., & Mori, T. (2005) · Papers of the Regional Science Association · doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2005.00021.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The geography of output volatility
Malik, A., & Temple, J. R. W. (2008) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.003 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Peres, M., Ameer, W., & Xu, H. (2018) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2018.1438906 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Fragmentation and parts and components trade: Comparison between East Asia and Europe
Kimura, F., Takahashi, Y., & Hayakawa, K. (2007) · The North American Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.najef.2006.12.002 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The Impact of Logistics Performance on Trade
Hausman, W. H., Lee, H. L., & Subramanian, U. (2012) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/j.1937-5956.2011.01312.x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The Slide to Protectionism in the Great Depression: Who Succumbed and Why?
Eichengreen, B. J., & Irwin, D. A. (2010) · The Journal of Economic History · doi:10.1017/s0022050710000756 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Finicelli, A., Pagano, P., & Sbracia, M. (2012) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.04.005 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Estimation of the Gravity Equation in the Presence of Zero FlowsPreprint
Linders, G. M., & de Groot, H. L. F. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.924160 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The Impact of Port Characteristics on International Maritime Transport Costs
Wilmsmeier, G., Hoffmann, J., & Sánchez, R. J. (2006) · Research in Transportation Economics · doi:10.1016/s0739-8859(06)16006-0 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
In Search of the Armington Elasticity
Feenstra, R. C., Luck, P., Obstfeld, M., & Russ, K. (2017) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00696 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The Gravity Model in International Trade
Benedictis, L. D., & Taglioni, D. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16564-1_4 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Does the internet generate economic growth, international trade, or both?
Meijers, H. (2013) · International Economics and Economic Policy · doi:10.1007/s10368-013-0251-x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Jacks, D. S., Meissner, C. M., & Novy, D. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.2.529 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Gravity in International Finance
Okawa, Y., & van Wincoop, E. (2012) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.01.006 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
- Authors
- Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- University of Virginia and NBER.
- ORCID
- Anderson, James E
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Literature
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2004-08-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 691-751
- ISSN
- 0022-0515 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4249920418
- Cited by
- 2,524
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 147 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 133 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 123 · 2016: 126 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 120
- FWCI
- 117.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Economic Literature (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global Trade and Competitiveness
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Technological Innovation
- Keywords
- trade costs, gravity model, aggregation, cross-national variation, low-income countries, international trade flows, price
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
