Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 1,754

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians

Open access
Goldin, Claudia, Rouse, Cecilia·2000·American Economic Review

Abstract

A change in the audition procedures of symphony orchestras—adoption of “blind” auditions with a “screen” to conceal the candidate's identity from the jury—provides a test for sex-biased hiring. Using data from actual auditions, in an individual fixed-effects framework, we find that the screen increases the probability a woman will be advanced and hired. Although some of our estimates have large standard errors and there is one persistent effect in the opposite direction, the weight of the evidence suggests that the blind audition procedure fostered impartiality in hiring and increased the proportion women in symphony orchestras. (JEL J7, J16)

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1257/aer.90.4.715

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. 10.1093/mq/80.2.194 · doi:10.1093/mq/80.2.194
  2. 10.2307/1229062 · DOI
  3. Blank Rebecca, 1991, American Economic Review, 81, 1041
  4. 10.2307/145585 · DOI · Paper page
  5. 10.2307/2095848 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Kenney Genevieve, 1994, American Economic Review, 84, 674
  7. 10.2307/2946676 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 1,754

Metadata

Authors
Goldin, C., & Rouse, C.
Venue
American Economic Review
Published
2000-09-01
Volume
90
Issue
4
Pages
715-741
ISSN
0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1991418004
Cited by
1,754
References
2
FWCI
36.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1257/aer.90.4.715
The paper
Goldin, C., & Rouse, C. (2000). Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians. American Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.4.715

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.