The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior
Abstract
This paper explores the importance of the home and school environments in explaining the gender gap in disruptive behavior. We document large differences in the gender gap across key features of the home environment—boys do especially poorly in broken families. In contrast, we find little impact of the early school environment on noncognitive gaps. Differences in endowments explain a small part of boys' noncognitive deficit in single-mother families. More importantly, noncognitive returns to parental inputs differ markedly by gender. Broken families are associated with worse parental inputs, and boys' noncognitive development, unlike that of girls', appears extremely responsive to such inputs. (JEL I21, J12, J13, J16, Z13)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior
Heckman, J. J., Stixrud, J., & Urzua, S. (2006) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/504455 · Cited by 4,427
Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents.
Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x · Cited by 2,253
The extreme male brain theory of autism
Baron-Cohen, S. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01904-6 · Cited by 2,007
Heckman, J., Pinto, R., & Savelyev, P. (2013) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.6.2052 · Cited by 1,628
How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project Star
Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Hilger, N., Saez, E., Schanzenbach, D. W., & Yagan, D. (2011) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjr041 · Cited by 1,514
The importance of noncognitive skills: lessons from the GED testing program
Heckman, J. J., & Rubinstein, Y. (2001) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.91.2.145 · Cited by 1,488
Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: a meta-analysis
Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.267 · Cited by 1,210
Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.
Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33 · Cited by 1,169 · cited 2×
“In a meta-analysis of the psychology literature on gender differences in temperament, Else-Quest et al (2006) document lower levels of inhibitory control and perceptual sensitivity among boys, consistent with a greater incidence of externalizing behavior.”
BackgroundDisorders of Childhood and Adolescence: Gender and Psychopathology
Zahn-Waxler, C., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Marceau, K. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091358 · Cited by 1,072
The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap
Goldin, C., Katz, L. F., & Kuziemko, I. (2006) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.20.4.133 · Cited by 1,010
Cited by
Who benefits from universal child care? Estimating marginal returns to early child care attendance
Cornelissen, T., Dustmann, C., Raute, A., & Schönberg, U. (2018) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/699979 · Cited by 315
Family Disadvantage and the Gender Gap in Behavioral and Educational Outcomes
Autor, D., Figlio, D., Karbownik, K., Roth, J., & Wasserman, M. (2019) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20170571 · Cited by 314
Cortes, P. (2015) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.021 · Cited by 287
Are Student Absences Worth the Worry in U.S. Primary Schools?
Gershenson, S., Jacknowitz, A., & Brannegan, A. (2017) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00207 · Cited by 218
Intergenerational Mobility and the Timing of Parental Income
Carneiro, P., García, I. L., Salvanes, K. G., & Tominey, E. (2021) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/712443 · Cited by 110
Metadata
- Authors
- Bertrand, M., & Pan, J.
- Venue
- American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2013-01-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-64
- ISSN
- 1945-7782 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7790
- OpenAlex
- W2059056814
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 15
- FWCI
- 84.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1257/app.5.1.32
- The paper
- Bertrand, M., & Pan, J. (2013). The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.5.1.32
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
