The Economics of Internal Migration: Advances and Policy Questions
Abstract
We review developments in research on within-country migration, focusing on internal migration in the United States. We begin by describing approaches to modeling individuals’ migration decisions and equilibrium outcomes across local areas. Next, we summarize evidence regarding the impact of migration on individuals’ outcomes, implications of migration for local labor market adjustment, and interactions between migration and housing markets. Finally, we discuss evidence on the efficacy of policies aimed at encouraging migration and conclude by highlighting important unanswered questions that are critical for informing migration-related policy. (JEL I23, I38, J31, J61, J62, R23, R38)
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Most interstate and long-distance moves are work related.
“Given that most interstate and long-distance moves are work related ( Jia et al. (2023)), the finding of large and significant effects on out-of-state moving reinforces the conclusion that mortgage rate lock-in impacts labor reallocation.”
From Mortgage Lock‐In, Mobility, and Labor Reallocation (2024) · cites this paper as Jia et al. (2023)
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Does Homeownership Prolong the Duration of Unemployment?
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Education and Geographical Mobility: The Role of the Job Surplus
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Home ownership as a labor market friction
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Internal Migration in Industrialized Countries
Greenwood, M. J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.31112-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 156 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Mortgage Lock‐In, Mobility, and Labor Reallocation
FONSECA, J., & LIU, L. (2024) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.13398 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reshaping unfairness perceptions: Evidence from China's Hukou reform
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The great recession and the public sector in rural America
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Consumer Credit Reporting Data
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Ioannides, Y. M., & Ngai, L. R. (2025) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20251659 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Regional Poverty Alleviation Partnership and E-Commerce Trade
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Reshaping Migrant-Native Health Disparities: evidence from the hukou reform in China
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Work from home and big city out-migration before and after the pandemic
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Measuring Information Frictions in Migration Decisions: A Revealed-Preference Approach
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Climate and migration in the United States
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Changes in international immigration and internal native mobility after COVID-19 in the USA
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Micromotives and macromoves: political preferences and internal migration in England and Wales
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The Marginal Cost of Mortality Risk Reduction: Evidence from Housing Markets
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The determinants of declining internal migration
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Delmelle, E. C., Nilsson, I. M., & Adu, P. (2023) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2023.2268762 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The long run impact of childhood interracial contact on residential segregation
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New-Tenant Rent Passthrough and the Future of Rent Inflation
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The Financial Origins of Regional InequalityPreprint
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Biesenbeek, C. (2025) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2024.2442500 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Factors Influencing Climate-Induced Evacuation in Coastal Cities: The Case of Shanghai
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Environmental migration and race during the Great American Drought, 1935–1940
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The Dynamics of Internal Migration: A New Fact and its Implications
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Black, D. A., Skipper, L., & Smith, J. A. (2023) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/bs.hesedu.2023.03.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Moving back: Spatial and demographic differences in boomeranging to parents
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Arif, I. (2025) · Contemporary Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/coep.12694 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Liu, M., Shi, J., Shen, J., & Hui, E. C. M. (2025) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2025.102224 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Consumer Credit Reporting Data
Gibbs, C., Guttman‐Kenney, B., Lee, D., Nelson, S. M., van der Klaauw, W., & Wang, J. (2024) · Staff reports · doi:10.59576/sr.1114 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Migration, Labor Markets, and Housing
Kwon, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_425-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Earnings assimilation of post‐reunification East German migrants in West Germany
Riphahn, R. T., & Sauer, I. (2024) · Labour · doi:10.1111/labr.12279 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
JUE insight: Moving cost magnitudes in moving cost models
Howard, G. (2025) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2025.103827 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Miliienko, O. (2023) · Social & Legal Studios · doi:10.32518/sals3.2023.94 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Krause, E. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4794041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Long-Term Rise of Labor Market Detachment: Evidence from Local Labor Markets
Abel, J. R., & Deitz, R. (2024) · Staff reports · doi:10.59576/sr.1138 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The role of social costs in response to labor market opportunities: Differences across race
Burns, K., & Hotchkiss, J. L. (2023) · doi:10.29338/wp2023-07
Research on the Factors Affecting Mobility Rate Across States in the United States
Shi, X. (2024) · Applied economics and policy studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0523-8_59
Monopsony and Local Religious Clubs: Evidence from IndonesiaPreprint
Brummund, P., & Makowsky, M. D. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4827174
House Price Co-movement and Labor Migration: Evidence from ChinaPreprint
Zhou, Z. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4831967
Earnings Assimilation of Post-Reunification East German Migrants in West GermanyPreprint
Riphahn, R. T., & Sauer, I. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4898328
Out‐of‐area home purchase and U.S. internal migration
Li, M., Liu, P., & Tang, C. (2024) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12730
Immigrants and Native Flight: Geographic Extent and Heterogeneous Preferences 1Preprint
Bøje-Kovács, B., Mulalic, I., Sáiz, A., Sant’Anna, V. P., & Schultz-Nielsen, M. L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4992813
Contemporary social federalism: Sorting, natural polarization, and policy devolvement
Baron, D. P. (2024) · Journal of Theoretical Politics · doi:10.1177/09516298241304677
Environmental Migration and Race during the Great American Drought, 1935-1940Preprint
Sichko, C., Zimran, A., & Howlader, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5122127
Monopsony and Local Religious Clubs: Evidence From IndonesiaPreprint
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Selective migration and regional decline: Evidence from coal country
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Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Response of Labor Migration to Economic ShocksPreprint
Foschi, A., House, C., Proebsting, C., & Tesar, L. L. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5404280
Health drain: the effect of internal migration on regional disparities in healthcare costs
Kulshreshtha, S., Salm, M., & Wübker, A. (2025) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-025-01123-1
Goldman, N. C., & Jacob, M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5571298
Birth dearth and local population decline
Asquith, B. J., & Mast, E. (2025) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2025.104159
On the move: local opportunities and youth migration
Xu, X. (2025) · Fiscal Studies · doi:10.1111/1475-5890.70011
Labor market monopsony and local clubs: Evidence from Indonesia
Brummund, P., & Makowsky, M. D. (2025) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2025.107379
The Long‐Term Rise and Geographic Concentration of Labor Market Detachment
Abel, J. R., & Deitz, R. (2025) · Growth and Change · doi:10.1111/grow.70091
Internal Migration, Interstate Trade, and Regional Heterogeneity in the United StatesPreprint
Paudel, N. S., & Lin, C. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6155668
Attracting Top Talent: Analyzing Local Policies in China With Economists' CV Data
Ma, L., Sun, W., Wang, Z., & Oort, F. G. V. (2026) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.70056
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Bassler, S., Rinz, K., Wozniak, A., & Wasser, D. (2026) · Working paper · doi:10.26509/frbc-wp-202603
Self-citationInternal migration and relocation aversion
Watanabe, A. (2026) · The Annals of Regional Science · doi:10.1007/s00168-026-01460-3
Lahr, M. L., Cuevas, F. D. L. T., & Rj, J. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26629-4.00258-6
Grover, M., & Sharma, A. (2026) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-026-09836-2
Diop, M., & Green, R. K. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6166526
Sex and the city in Japan: gendered migration, labour, and marriage in the early 20th centuryPreprint
Yamamura, E. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6427879
Interplay Roles of Telework and Climate Hazard Risks in Recent Migration Trends in the United States
Kambala, M. I., Wang, S., & Panta, D. (2026) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.70272
From Summer to Spring: A Shift in US Housing Market SeasonalityPreprint
Hu, Y., & Selcuk, C. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6833675
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Migration Responses to Local Labor Market Opportunities
Burns, K., & Hotchkiss, J. L. (2026) · Journal of Economics Race and Policy · doi:10.1007/s41996-026-00190-0
Leave or stay: inequality of the poverty alleviation resettlement program
Guo, D., Zhao, Y., & Li, X. (2026) · Journal of Development Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19439342.2026.2713147
Wang, S., Wang, X., & He, L. (2026) · Emerging Markets Finance and Trade · doi:10.1080/1540496x.2026.2722129
Turaev, H., Taimoor, M., Turaeva, A., & Xu, J. (2026) · Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-026-10039-6
- Authors
- Jia, N., Molloy, R., Smith, C., & Wozniak, A.
- Affiliations
- Central University of Finance and Economics (CN)
- Federal Reserve Board of Governors (US)
- Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Literature
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2023-03-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 144-180
- ISSN
- 0022-0515 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4323048309
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18
- FWCI
- 33.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Economic Literature (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Labor Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
- Keywords
- internal migration, migration decisions, local labor markets, housing market, migration policy, regional equilibrium, United States migration
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