The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 139 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 90 are not checked yet.
Social Norms and Economic Theory
Open accessAbstract
One of the most persistent cleavages in the social sciences is the opposition between two lines of thought conveniently associated with Adam Smith and Emile Durkheim, between homo economicus and homo sociologicus. Of these, the former is supposed to be guided by instrumental rationality, while the behavior of the latter is dictated by social norms. In this paper I characterize this contrast more fully, and discuss attempts by economists to reduce normoriented action to some type of optimizing behavior. Social norms, as I understand them here, are emotional and behavioral propensities of individuals. Are norms rationalizations of self-interest? Are norms followed out of self-interest? Do norms exist to promote self-interest? Do norms exist to promote common interests? Do norms exist to promote genetic fitness?
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Social norms are external, socially defined normative standards that are the most socially appropriate action for a decision-maker in a given set of circumstances [44].”
From A Taxonomy of Social Errors in Human-Robot Interaction (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7455683 · Cited by 18,497
The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement
Gouldner, A. W. (1960) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092623 · Cited by 12,001
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
Trivers, R. L. (1971) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/406755 · Cited by 11,010
de Tocqueville, A., Mansfield, H. C., & Winthrop, D. (2000) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118011690.ch12 · Cited by 6,287
Toward a positive theory of consumer choice
Thaler, R. H. (1980) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/0167-2681(80)90051-7 · Cited by 5,777
The Economic Approach to Human Behavior
Becker, G. S. (1976) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226217062.001.0001 · Cited by 5,070
The Rules of Sociological Method
Durkheim, É. (1982) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-16939-9 · Cited by 4,719
(2010) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.100.1.i · Cited by 4,572
The Moral Basis of a Backward Society.
Banfield, E. C. (1959) · Economica · doi:10.2307/2550413 · Cited by 3,232
Roethlisberger, F. J., & Dickson, W. J. (2003) · Cited by 2,826
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Dalton M., 1948, Applied Anthropology, 5
- 10.1037/0022-3514.35.11.837 · DOI
- Kahneman D., 1986, Journal of Business, 59, 5285
- Lindbeck A., 1988, American Economic Review, 78, 167
- McDonald I. M., 1981, American Economic Review, 71, 896
- Messick D. M., 1983, Messick, D. M., and K. Cook, eds., Equity Theory. New York: Praeger, 61
- Mikula G., 1972, Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 3, 126
- Mitchell D. J., 1986, Beckerman, W., ed., Wage Rigidity and Unemployment. London: Duckworth, 43
- Zajac E. P., 1985, Young, H. P., ed., Cost Allocation. Amsterdam: North Holland, 119
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 997
Chinese values and negotiation behaviour: A bargaining experiment
Chuah, S., Hoffmann, R. F., & Larner, J. (2014) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.05.002 · Cited by 25
Axelrod's Metanorm Games on Networks
Galán, J. M., Łatek, M. M., & Rizi, S. M. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020474 · Cited by 25
Design and Validation of the Bright Internet
Lee, J. K., Cho, D., & Lim, G. G. (2018) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00484 · Cited by 25
Regulation of technology adoption when individuals pursue multiple utility
Lynne, G. D., & Casey, C. F. (1998) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/s1053-5357(99)80004-3 · Cited by 25
Social Norms and Game Theory: Harmony or Discord?
Paternotte, C., & Grose, J. (2012) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/axs024 · Cited by 25
A Social Stigma Model of Child Labor
Calva, L. F. L. (2002) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 25
Intergenerational Transmission of Fertility Patterns in BritainPreprint
Booth, A. L., & Kee, H. J. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.947458 · Cited by 25
Social Norms and the LawPreprint
Basu, K. (1997) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.42840 · Cited by 25
Information-Sharing in Academia and the Industry: A Comparative StudyPreprint
Häussler, C. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1670642 · Cited by 25
Social values and institutional change: an experimental study
Gërxhani, K., & van Breemen, J. (2018) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137418000231 · Cited by 24
Kautilya on Ethics and Economics
Sihag, B. S. (2005) · International Journal of Ethics and Systems · doi:10.1108/eb018902 · Cited by 24
The Evolution of Human Co-operation: Ritual and Social Complexity in Stateless Societies
Stanish, C. S. (2017) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 25
Hasson, H., Nilsén, P., Augustsson, H., & Schwarz, U. V. T. (2018) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0760-7 · Cited by 23
Income support, employment transitions and well-being
Hetschko, C., Schöb, R., & Wolf, T. (2020) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101887 · Cited by 24
Petrič, G., & Roer, K. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101766 · Cited by 24
Work values, endogenous sentiments redistribution
Cervellati, M., Esteban, J. M., & Kranich, L. (2010) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.06.003 · Cited by 25
Explaining social norm compliance. A plea for neural representations
Colombo, M. (2013) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-013-9296-0 · Cited by 24
Zulfiqar, S., Asmi, F., Chandia, K. E., Sarwar, B., & Aziz, S. (2017) · Business and Economic Research · doi:10.5296/ber.v7i1.11037 · Cited by 24
Environmental Regulations and Social Norms
Lai, C., Yang, C.-Y., & Chang, J. (2003) · International Tax and Public Finance · doi:10.1023/a:1022229029894 · Cited by 24
Lying, Integrity, and Cooperation
Minkler, L., & Miceli, T. J. (2004) · Review of Social Economy · doi:10.1080/0034676042000183817 · Cited by 24
Mechanisms for norm emergence in multiagent societies
Savarimuthu, B. T. R., Purvis, M., Cranefield, S., & Purvis, M. (2007) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agents Systems · doi:10.1145/1329125.1329335 · Cited by 24
My agents love to conform: Norms and emotion in the micro-macro link
von Scheve, C., Moldt, D., Fix, J., & Lüde, R. V. (2006) · Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory · doi:10.1007/s10588-006-9538-6 · Cited by 24
Norms as Group-Level Constructs: Investigating School-Level Teen Pregnancy Norms and Behaviors
Mollborn, S., Domingue, B. W., & Boardman, J. D. (2014) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sou063 · Cited by 24
Competitiveness of regional products in the international food market
Sodano, V. (2002) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 24
A New Approach to ‘Law and Economics’
Basu, K. (2015) · The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7259 · Cited by 23
EVERY DROP COUNTS: A WATER CONSERVATION EXPERIMENT WITH HOTEL GUESTS
Joo, H. H., Lee, J., & Park, S. (2018) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/ecin.12563 · Cited by 23
Gosnell, G. K. (2018) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.07.020 · Cited by 26
Pfeifer, C., & Stephan, G. (2018) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bey035 · Cited by 23
Wenwen, Q., Zhong, Z., & Huang, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies · doi:10.1093/ijlct/ctaa043 · Cited by 23
Beyond individualistic behaviour: Social norms and innovation adoption in rural Mozambique
Crudeli, L., Mancinelli, S., Mazzanti, M., & Pitoro, R. (2022) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105928 · Cited by 27
Tian, L., Oviatt, S. L., Muszyński, M., Chamberlain, B. C., Healey, J., & Sano, A. (2022) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3502398 · Cited by 25
Hu, Z., Li, Y., Lin, B., & Kleinman, G. (2022) · Managerial Auditing Journal · doi:10.1108/maj-08-2021-3291 · Cited by 26
The neural bases underlying social risk perception in purchase decisions
Yokoyama, R., Nozawa, T., Sugiura, M., Yomogida, Y., Takeuchi, H., Akimoto, Y., Shibuya, S., & Kawashima, R. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.036 · Cited by 25
Vicious Circle Analysis of Poverty and Entrepreneurship
Rohima, S. (2013) · IOSR Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.9790/487x-0713346 · Cited by 23
Locational asymmetry and the potential for cooperation on a canal
Ray, I., & Williams, J. C. (2002) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-3878(01)00180-8 · Cited by 23
Blanco, L., & Villa, S. M. (2008) · Feminist Economics · doi:10.1080/13545700802075143 · Cited by 23
Economic Ethics and Institutional Change
Argandoña, A. (2004) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/b:busi.0000039408.30285.6d · Cited by 23
Cross Cultural Comparisions of Tax Compliance BehaviorPreprint
Cummings, R. G., Martínez-Vázquez, J., & McKee, M. (2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 23
Congleton, R. D. (2007) · Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice · doi:10.1332/251569207x15664516463916 · Cited by 22
Hajj, N. (2021) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/luminos.111 · Cited by 24
Migration, Remittances And Intra-Household Allocation In Northern Ghana: Does Gender Matter?
Joyce, P. L. (2021) · doi:10.7275/5686196 · Cited by 22
Spillover Effects of Institutions on Cooperative Behavior, Preferences, and Beliefs
Engl, F., Riedl, A. M., & Weber, R. A. (2021) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.20180336 · Cited by 24
Alempaki, D., Doğan, G., & Yang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.10.027 · Cited by 24
Guess What …?—How Guessed Norms Nudge Climate-Friendly Food Choices in Real-Life Settings
Griesoph, A., Hoffmann, S., Merk, C., Katrin Rehdanz, A., & Schmidt, U. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13158669 · Cited by 22
Recognizing political influences in participatory social-ecological systems modeling
Lim, T., Glynn, P., Shenk, G., Bitterman, P., Guillaume, J., Little, J. C., & Webster, D. (2023) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modelling · doi:10.18174/sesmo.18509 · Cited by 18
Riedl, C., Grad, T., & Lettl, C. U. (2024) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2021.15163 · Cited by 25
Who are you calling old? Revisiting notions of age and ability amongst older entrepreneurs
Wainwright, T., Kibler, E., Blackburn, R. A., & Kautonen, T. (2011) · Research Repository (Kingston University London) · Cited by 22
The Role of Social Capital in Regional Technological Innovation: Seeing both the wood and the trees
Tamaschke, L. (2003) · Communities and Technologies · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0115-0_13 · Cited by 21
Arntz-Gray, J. (2015) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.11.019 · Cited by 22
Hamdouch, A. (2005) · Innovation The European Journal of Social Science Research · doi:10.1080/13511610500096558 · Cited by 22
Social Capital and Knowledge Relatedness as Promoters of Organizational Performance
Weber, C., & Weber, B. (2010) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.2753/imo0020-8825400302 · Cited by 22
The Multidimensionality of Poverty: An Institutionalist Perspective
Sindzingre, A. N. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230592407_4 · Cited by 22
Janssens, W. (2007) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) · Cited by 22
Cosi Fan Tutte: Information, Beliefs and the Compliance with NormsPreprint
Kotzian, P. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1497922 · Cited by 22
Building Support for Taxation in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from MexicoPreprint
Flores‐Macías, G. A. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3120303 · Cited by 22
Estate division: equal sharing, exchange motives, and Cinderella effects
Erixson, O., & Ohlsson, H. (2019) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-018-0727-7 · Cited by 21
Li, X., Molleman, L., & van Dolder, D. (2021) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.04.002 · Cited by 23
The impact of catholic religion on earnings management: A case of Poland
Grabiński, K., & Wójtowicz, P. (2021) · Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting · doi:10.1111/jifm.12141 · Cited by 21
China's historical imperial examination system and corporate social responsibility
Kong, X., Zhang, X., Yan, C., & Ho, K. (2022) · Pacific-Basin Finance Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2022.101734 · Cited by 21
Local speculative culture and stock price crash risk
Zuo, J., Qiu, B., Zhu, G., & Lei, G. (2022) · Research in International Business and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101851 · Cited by 21
Can Justice and Fairness Enlarge International Environmental Agreements?
Grüning, C., & Peters, W. (2010) · Games · doi:10.3390/g1020137 · Cited by 21
Mattos, E., Rocha, F., & Toporcov, P. F. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Economia · doi:10.1590/s0034-71402013000100005 · Cited by 21
From absence to absenteeism? A qualitative cross case study of teachers’ views on sickness absence
Carlsen, B. (2011) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2011.12.007 · Cited by 21
Drivers of trust and trustworthiness
Reiersen, J. (2018) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/ijse-01-2018-0025 · Cited by 21
Taxes and Benefits: Two Distinct Options to Cheat on the State?Preprint
Halla, M., & SCHNEIDER, F. G. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1145915 · Cited by 21
The Price of Ethics: Evidence from Socially Responsible Mutual FundsPreprint
Renneboog, L. D. R., ter Horst, J., & Zhang, C. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.985265 · Cited by 21
Cosi fan tutte: Information, Beliefs, and Compliance with Norms
Kotzian, P. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Soziologie · doi:10.1515/zfsoz-2011-0402 · Cited by 26
Positive psychology as a strategy for promoting sustainable population policies
Tal, A., & Kerret, D. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03696 · Cited by 21
The limits to moral erosion in markets: Social norms and the replacement excuse
Bartling, B., & Özdemir, Y. (2022) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2022.12.001 · Cited by 21
Chen, C., Huang, Y., & Wu, S. (2023) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/gm-04-2022-0124 · Cited by 20
Taxes and Benefits: Two Options to Cheat on the State
Halla, M., & SCHNEIDER, F. G. (2013) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/obes.12024 · Cited by 20
Vedula, S., & Kim, P. H. (2017) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-017-9908-0 · Cited by 20
Vögele, S., Broska, L. H., Otte, S., & Rübbelke, D. (2020) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101840 · Cited by 22
Liu, Q., & Simei, W. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102501 · Cited by 20
A rational-actor perspective on the origin of liturgies in ancient Greece
Lyttkens, C. H. (1997) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 20
Agency and Self-Enforcing Contracts
Tao, Z., & Zhu, T. (2000) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1006/jcec.2000.1630 · Cited by 20
Evolutionary rationality, “Homo economicus,” and the foundations of social order
Herrmann‐Pillath, C. (1994) · Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems · doi:10.1016/1061-7361(94)90006-x · Cited by 20
Institutional Economics And The Dual Labor Market Theory
Ramstad, Y. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-29604-3_5 · Cited by 20
Buchholz, W., Falkinger, J., & Rübbelke, D. (2013) · Journal of Public Economic Theory · doi:10.1111/jpet.12084 · Cited by 19
Choice Architecture as a Strategy to Encourage Elegant Infrastructure Outcomes
Shealy, T., & Klotz, L. E. (2016) · Journal of Infrastructure Systems · doi:10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000311 · Cited by 26
Formal and informal norms: their relationships in society and in the economic sphere
Fiori, S. (2018) · Review of Social Economy · doi:10.1080/00346764.2017.1423510 · Cited by 19
Game-theoretic accounts of social norms: the role of normative expectations
Bicchieri, C., & Sontuoso, A. (2020) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781785363337.00017 · Cited by 19
Social norms for fairness and board voting behavior: An experimental investigation
Yin, X., Chen, S., Li, D., & Zhang, F. (2020) · Corporate Governance An International Review · doi:10.1111/corg.12353 · Cited by 21
Channels for Influence or Maps of Behavior? A Field Experiment on Social Networks and Cooperation
Atwell, P. C., & Nathan, N. L. (2021) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12586 · Cited by 16
Cordell, K., & Wolff, S. (2007) · Nationalities Papers · doi:10.1080/00905990701254367 · Cited by 19
Confucianism and the Legalism: A model of the national strategy of governance in ancient China
Zhou, H. (2011) · Frontiers of Economics in China · doi:10.1007/s11459-011-0150-4 · Cited by 19
Brooks, J. S. (2011) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920903463838 · Cited by 19
Norm Identification in Multi-agent Societies
Tony, B., Savarimuthu, B. T. R., Cranefield, S., Purvis, M., & Purvis, M. (2010) · Cited by 19
Human-inspired model for norm compliance decision making
Criado, N., Argente, E., Pablo Noriega, A., & Botti, V. J. (2013) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2013.05.017 · Cited by 19
Richter, R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14154-1_8 · Cited by 19
The Political Nature of the Firm and the Cost of Norms
Singer, A. A. (2018) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/697122 · Cited by 19
Who is Punished Most for Challenging the Status Quo?
Ody-Brasier, A. M., & Vermeulen, F. (2019) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2017.0683 · Cited by 19
Le rôle des affects en économie
Petit, E. (2009) · Revue d économie politique · doi:10.3917/redp.196.0859 · Cited by 34
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES TO A LEBANESE VILLAGE
Amery, H. A., & Anderson, W. P. (1995) · Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1995.tb00399.x · Cited by 19
How Social Norms Influence Construction Workers’ Safety Behavior: A Social Identity Perspective
Choi, B., & Lee, S. H. (2016) · ASCE Construction Research Congress (CRC) · doi:10.1061/9780784479827.284 · Cited by 19
Institutions and organisations enabling reforms in Indian agricultural research and policy
Raina, R. S. (2003) · International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development · doi:10.1386/ijtm.2.2.97/0 · Cited by 19
A socio‐economic view on management control
Verstegen, B. (2010) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/03068291111091990 · Cited by 19
Rationalité, émotions et normes sociales
Elster, J. (1995) · Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.editionsehess.10123 · Cited by 25
Self-citationRATIONALITY AND EXTERNAL REFERENCE
Gaertner, W. C., & Xu, Y. (1999) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/104346399011002003 · Cited by 19
How to Learn Sociality: True and False Solutions to Mandeville's Problem
Bianchi, M. (1993) · History of Political Economy · doi:10.1215/00182702-25-2-209 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Elster, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elster, Jon
- ORCID
- Elster, Jon
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 1989-11-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 99-117
- ISSN
- 0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081314276
- Cited by
- 2,071
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 16.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Theory and Institutions
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Development › Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
- Keywords
- social norms, homo economicus, homo sociologicus, instrumental rationality, normative behavior, self-interest, common interests, genetic fitness, Adam Smith, Émile Durkheim
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review