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Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise
Open accessAbstract
In my book Scale and Scope (1990), I focused on the history of the modern industrial firm from the 1880s, when such firms first appeared, through World War II. I did so by comparing the fortunes of more than 600 enterprises—the 200 largest industrial firms at three points in time (World War I, 1929, and World War II) in each of the three major industrial economies (those of the United States, Britain, and Germany). In this paper, I first describe the similarities in the historical beginnings and continuing evolution of these enterprises and then outline my explanation for these similarities. Next, I relate my explanation of these “empirical regularities” to four major economic theories relating to the firm: the neoclassical, the principal-agent, the transaction cost, and the evolutionary. Finally, I suggest the value of the transactions cost and evolutionary theories to historians and economists who are attempting to explain the beginnings and growth of modern industrial enterprises.
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“Such challengers did appear, but only a few of them.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Regularities Described
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In the paper
“The creation, maintenance and expansion of such capabilities permitted American and German firms in the two decades before World War I to drive British competitors from international markets, and even Britain's home market, in most of the capital-intensive industries of the Second Industrial Revolution.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Importance of Organizational Capabilities
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In the paper
“These industrial firms first appeared as modern transportation and communication networks were completed-networks that themselves were built, operated, enlarged and coordinated by large hierarchical firms.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Regularities Described
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In the paper
“Firms grew by moving backward to control materials and forward to control outlets (vertical integration); but, as will be described shortly, they did so largely in response to the specifics of the short-lived business needs or opportunities.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Regularities Described
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In the paper
“Although product pricing remained a significant competitive weapon, these firms competed even more forcefully through functional and strategic efficiency”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Regularities Described
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In geographical expansion that utilized the capabilities honed in exploiting the economies of scale, the firm usually concentrated on a single line of products.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Continued Growth Through Utilization and Expansion of Organizational Learning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
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In the paper
“In machinery the British did not even try.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
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In the paper
“AEG sold more products in Britain than did the largest British firm.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
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In the paper
“This is why so many of the new companies met their needs by building almost immediately a national marketing and distribution network staffed by their managers and workers.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Creating the Base for Organizational Learning
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“In the years following World War I, the first movers and a small number of challengers continued to grow by entering markets abroad and those of related industries.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Continued Growth Through Utilization and Expansion of Organizational Learning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
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In the paper
“So too, organizational learning permitted Japanese firms, first, to carry out a massive transfer of technology from the west to Japan; then, as Japan's domestic market grew enough to permit building enterprises large enough to exploit potential economies of scale and scope, to develop organizational capabilities necessary for competitive advantage in international markets.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Importance of Organizational Capabilities
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In the paper
“The first firms to make the three-pronged investments in manufacturing, marketing, and management essential to exploit fully the economies of scale and scope quickly dominated their industries.Most continued to do so for decades.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Regularities Described
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In the paper
“In this climate of oligopolistic competition, market share and profits changed constantly.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Regularities Described
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“They made it possible for German enterprises to regain their position in world markets swiftly after a decade of war, defeat and inflation between 1914 and 1924, and to come back again in the 1950s after a far more devastating war.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Importance of Organizational Capabilities
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In the paper
“A new type of industrial enterprise appeared suddenly in the last two decades of the 19th century.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Regularities Described
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In the paper
“Throughout the 20th century, these firms were created and continued to grow in much the same manner, and they continued to cluster in industries with the same characteristics.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Regularities Described
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, a new electrolytic process transformed and greatly reduced costs of producing copper, aluminum, and several chemicals.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
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In the paper
“An Englishman, William Perkin, invented the first such dyes.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
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In the paper
“The world's largest market for man-made dyes remained, until after World War II, the huge British textile industry.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
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In the paper
“By then Singer produced 79,000 machines annually in its Moscow factory with a work force of 2,500 wage earners and 300 salaried employees; while its salesforce of more than 27,000 covering the vast territory from the Sea of Japan to the Baltic.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
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In the paper
“After World War I, leaders in these major capital-intensive, oligopolistic industries continued to expand existing foreign beach-heads and to enter new territories.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Continued Growth Through Utilization and Expansion of Organizational Learning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“The new industry provided new sources of light and power that altered urban living and transportation, and also changed the workplace.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
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Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“For example, the new capital-intensive industries had a much greater need to monitor high-level throughput than the older labor-intensive ones.Therefore, firms in the capital-intensive industries internalized distribution, while those in the labor-intensive ones continued to rely on independent distributors”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Organizational Capabilities and the Economics of the Firm
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chandler, 1990
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In the paper
“Dyes are made from coal, and Britain had the largest supplies of high quality coal in Europe.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While the British continued to rely on jobbers to distribute the product, the Germans created a worldwide sales force; for every user of dyes in the production of cloth, leather, paper, and other materials had to be taught how to apply the new products.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“The first major products of this industry were synthetic dyes, and here British entrepreneurs were the pioneers.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nothing comparable occurred in Britain, even though Sir William Mather, senior partner of Mather & Platt, one of the largest British textile machinery manufacturers, had obtained the Edison patents at the same time as had Emil Rathenau at AEG.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“During the war, their subsidiaries in Allied nations were expropriated and usually turned over to their competitors in those countries.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Continued Growth Through Utilization and Expansion of Organizational Learning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“The chemical industry was the most technologically advanced of the new industries, and provided the widest range of new industrial and consumer products including man-made dyes, medicines, fertilizers, textiles, film, and other materials.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
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In the paper
“In sewing machines the Singer Sewing Machine and in agricultural equipment McCormick Harvesting Machine (it became the core of International Harvester, a 1902 merger) were the world leaders.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
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In the paper
“Its subsidiaries in Britain and France were the largest producers in those nations.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Continued Growth Through Utilization and Expansion of Organizational Learning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“It held 25 percent of the stock of Germany's AEG and had comparable investments in leading electrical manufacturers in Mexico, South Africa, and Japan.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Continued Growth Through Utilization and Expansion of Organizational Learning
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Scale and Scope
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If these companyspecific and industry-specific capabilities continued to be enhanced by constant learning about products, processes, customers, suppliers, and other relationships between workers and managers within the firm, enterprises in capitalintensive industries were usually able to remain competitive and profitable.If not, they normally lost market share in domestic and international markets”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Importance of Organizational Capabilities
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such learned skills and knowledge were company-specific and industry-specific.They were not, of course, patentable.They were difficult to transfer from one industry to another, or even from one company to another, precisely because they had been learned within a very specific organizational context.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Importance of Organizational Capabilities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In metals the British pioneered, but the Germans and Americans made the necessary investments that quickly drove the British from international markets.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, then the swift and dramatic success of the German and American integrated companies over their less-integrated British rivals in the last decades before World War I demonstrates how the creation of organizational capabilities through the initial investment in production and distribution permitted first-movers in the new and the transformed industries of the Second Industrial Revolution”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > The Historical Experience
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ability to gain and maintain market share and profits tests the efficiency of a capitalist enterprise, particularly in foreign markets.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, transactions cost analysis is of great value in analyzing why volume producers rarely entered retailing, and why mass marketers rarely entered manufacturing.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Creating the Base for Organizational Learning
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The answer requires a consideration of how the enterprises evolve their organizational capabilities and how their long-term competitive strength and weakness reflect these learned capabilities as well as those of their competitors from abroad and related industries.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The historical cases reviewed are representative enough to support general conclusions about the role of organizational capabilities in competitive success and industry creation.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in organizational capabilities and investments, rather than other unexamined factors, explain the observed competitive successes and failures of firms and national industries.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This brief review of the beginning and growth of the modern industrial enterprise suggests how the evolutionary theory of the firm, which emphasizes continuous learning that makes a firm's assets dynamic, provides an understanding of why in the past new firms began through the process of integrating production and distribution and why and how they grew by expanding into new markets.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The historical cases reviewed are representative enough to support general conclusions about the role of organizational capabilities in competitive success and industry creation.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in organizational capabilities and investments, rather than other unexamined factors, explain the observed competitive successes and failures of firms and national industries.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two world wars and the intervening Great Depression weakened the competitive strength of the U.S. firms' most powerful rivals, particularly the Germans.”
§ Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The ability to gain and maintain market share and profits tests the efficiency of a capitalist enterprise, particularly in foreign markets.
“The ability to gain and maintain market share and profits tests the efficiency of a capitalist enterprise, particularly in foreign markets where different laws, customs, working habits, and availability of supplies tend to favor domestic producers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The historical cases reviewed are representative enough to support general conclusions about the role of organizational capabilities in competitive success and industry creation.
“This brief review of the beginning and growth of the modern industrial enterprise suggests how the evolutionary theory of the firm, which emphasizes continuous learning that makes a firm's assets dynamic, provides an understanding of why in the past new firms began through the process of integrating production and distribution and why and how they grew by expanding into new markets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences in organizational capabilities and investments, rather than other unexamined factors, explain the observed competitive successes and failures of firms and national industries.
“The point of recounting this bit of history is to document that, unless investments were made essential to utilize the cost advantages of scale and scope, the enterprises and the industries and national economies in which they operated lost out in international markets to foreign enterprises that made them.”
Citations
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“Paraphrasing Chandler (1992, 86): ‘(…) the specific nature of the firm’s facilities and skills becomes the most significant factor in determining what will be done in the firm and what by the market’.”
BackgroundMicro-determinants of vertical integration: Evidence from China
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BackgroundSanidas, E. (2006) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.017 · Cited by 8
Antonelli, C., Nicola, C., & Fassio, C. (2013) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-013-9304-0 · Cited by 8
Bertilorenzi, M., Ruano‐Borbalan, J., & Coq, M. L. (2017) · Journal of Innovation Economics & Management · doi:10.3917/jie.022.0057 · Cited by 8
“The co-evolution model is strongly linked to recent work that explains industrial leadership (Nelson, 1995), the link between technological change and economic growth (Mokyr, 2002), and the development of firms (Chandler, 1992).”
Corporate strategy in the Anthropocene: German electricity utilities and the nuclear sudden stop
Ferguson‐Cradler, G. (2022) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107315 · Cited by 8
Production of commodities by means of processes
Morroni, M. (2013) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2013.11.002 · Cited by 8
The Resource‐based View: Aligning Strategy and Competitive Equilibrium
Foss, N. J. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199240647.003.0003 · Cited by 7
The current state of the economic theory of the firm
Weinstein, O. (2007) · Economics of legal relationships · doi:10.4324/9780203931110.pt2 · Cited by 8
Gewinnung und Bindung von Vorständen im Sportverein
Thieme, L., Liebetreu, T., & Wallrodt, S. (2017) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-017-0444-5 · Cited by 8
Une approche cognitive du rôle des sociétés de capital-investissement dans la formation d’alliances
Burkhardt, K. (2016) · Finance Contrôle Stratégie · doi:10.4000/fcs.1820 · Cited by 8
R&D AND REGIONAL NETWORKS DYNAMICS IN DUTCH PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
van GEENHUIZEN, M., & van der Knaap, B. (1997) · Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1997.tb01626.x · Cited by 8
KNOWLEDGE AND ORGANISATION STRATEGIES IN INNOVATION SYSTEMS
Werker, C. (2001) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919601000300 · Cited by 9
Division du travail cognitif et quasi-marchés de la connaissance
Guilhon, B. (2008) · Revue économique · doi:10.3917/reco.592.0241 · Cited by 7
Suurna, M. (2011) · Journal of Commercial Biotechnology · doi:10.1057/jcb.2010.34 · Cited by 7
Tipping the balance of power: the case of Large Scale Systems Integrators and their supply chains
Petrick, I. J. (2007) · International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy · doi:10.1504/ijfip.2007.014009 · Cited by 7
“Chandler (1992) notes that the firms spawned during the Industrial Revolution were capital intensive, and able to exploit both economies of scale and scope that were made possible by the new technologies.”
BackgroundOrganizational and Spatial Determinants of the Multi-unit Firm: Evidence from French Industry
Galliano, D., & Soulié, N. (2011) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2010.534777 · Cited by 7
3-Dimensional concurrent engineering: an illustration of its information entailments
Thomas, A. S., McKay, A., & de Pennington, A. (2006) · International Journal of Product Development · doi:10.1504/ijpd.2006.014861 · Cited by 7
The Labour Demand of Firms: An Alternative Conception Based on the Capabilities Approach
Fernández‐Huerga, E. (2018) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bey013 · Cited by 7
Project management maturity in construction consulting services: Case of Expo in China
Li, Y.-K., Yang, Q., Pasian, B., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Frontiers of Engineering Management · doi:10.1007/s42524-019-0070-z · Cited by 6
“Chandler (1992) used knowledge, skills, and experience as criteria for assessing the capability of members in an organization.”
Antitrust, Economics, and “Reality”
Scheffman, D. T. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1397-7_12 · Cited by 7
Tzeng, C.-H. (2011) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2011.09.005 · Cited by 8
Winder, G. M. (2001) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2001.tb00157.x · Cited by 7
“From 1840, some companies developed their own organizational capabilities to secure significant competitive advantages (Chandler 1986, 1992) or developed unified governance to reduce the costs of transactions outside the firm (Williamson 1979, 1993; Coase 1937) and to overcome the uncooperative…”
BackgroundBeobachtungen der Wirtschaftsorganisation
Tacke, V. (1999) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-95071-0_4 · Cited by 7
Understanding Technology Development
Lall, S. (1996) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230389892_2 · Cited by 7
Explaining Outsourcing FailurePreprint
Hecker, A., & Kohleick, H. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.939411 · Cited by 7
“- 4 The Knowledge-Based View (KBV) has its roots in resource-based theories of the firm (Chandler 1992; Conner 1991; Cohen and Levinthal 1990; Reed and DeFillippi 1990; Demsetz 1988; Nelson and Winter 1982; Alchian and Demsetz 1972).”
BackgroundDelemarle, A. (2007) · HAL · Cited by 7
CONTRIBUTION A L'ANALYSE DES DETERMINANTS DE L'OFFRE D'INFORMATION SUR LE CAPITAL INTELLECTUEL
Escaffre, L. (2002) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 7
Understanding Masahiko Aoki’s comparative institutional analysis
Taniguchi, K. S. (2025) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137425000153 · Cited by 6
“…business history, CIA could develop a more comprehensive, multilevel understanding of institutional co-evolution across actors, firms, industries, and nations, including capability evolution (e.g., Chandler, 1992; Fruin, 1992; Taniguchi, 2022; Taniguchi and Fruin, 2024; Taniguchi et al. , 2025).”
Manufacturing strategy and innovation in indigenous and foreign firms: an international study
Crowe, D., Vecchi, A., Brennan, L., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management · doi:10.1504/ijmtm.2007.012444 · Cited by 6
“The Nature of the Firm”—and the Eternal Life of the Brand
Lopes, T. D. S. (2019) · Enterprise & Society · doi:10.1017/eso.2019.63 · Cited by 6
Le management de l’urgence dans les organisations ? Les réponses apportées par Napoléon Bonaparte
Mériade, L., & Sales, J.-M. (2020) · Revue internationale de Psychosociologie · doi:10.3917/rips1.064.0165 · Cited by 6
Priyanto, P., & Murwaningsari, E. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting Finance and Management Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarafms/v12-i1/10832 · Cited by 6
“Knowledge and learning have been identified as essential resources for organizations to maintain success and competitive advantage (Chandler, 1992; Crittenden & Young, 1996; Weldy, 2009).”
BackgroundDynamic techno-management capability of Indian computer firms in comparison with Korea
Khan, M. U. (1999) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/s0166-4972(98)00099-6 · Cited by 6
Christian Values and Economic Ethics
Scaperlanda, A. E. (1993) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/03068299310045361 · Cited by 6
Doessel, D. P., Williams, R., & Whiteford, H. (2009) · Australian Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8500.2009.00651.x · Cited by 6
Organizational boundaries of medical practice: the case of physician ownership of ancillary services
Schneider, J. E., Ohsfeldt, R. L., Scheibling, C. M., & Jeffers, S. (2012) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/2191-1991-2-7 · Cited by 6
“Specialized routines are the subcomponents of organizational -know how” and core competencies and are often sources of comparative advantage and production economies [52-54].”
BackgroundDavenport, J. (2013) · Cited by 6
Dantas, A. T., Kertsnetzky, J., & Prochnik, V. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-85-352-6368-8.00002-5 · Cited by 6
McLean, T., & McGovern, T. (2017) · The British Accounting Review · doi:10.1016/j.bar.2017.01.002 · Cited by 6
“…direction with the intention of becoming a regional player (Beard, 1918, p. 2) in ‘the most revolutionary of the new technologies [of the Second Industrial Revolution] . . . those that generated and transmitted electricity for lighting, urban traction and industrial power’ (Chandler, 1992, p. 81).”
BackgroundKrafft, J. (2005) · L Actualité économique · doi:10.7202/010756ar · Cited by 6
“fonctionnement de l’industrie et du rôle que jouent les firmes dans ce contexte. conditions, il est amené à rejeter les interprétations néoclassiques, de même que celles en termes d’agence ou de coûts de transaction (Chandler, 1992 : 85-86).”
BackgroundCoordination, marché et organisation. Essai sur l'efficacité et la stabilité des économies de marché
Gaffard, J.-L. (2003) · Revue de l'OFCE/La Revue de l'OFCE · doi:10.3917/reof.085.0235 · Cited by 8
“…Chandler répond que « lorsque ces compagnies ont, effectivement, réalisé leur investissement, le réseau d’offre était incapable de fournir le flux régulier d’une large variété de nouveaux biens hautement spécialisés essentiels pour obtenir les avantages d’échelle » (A. Chandler, 1992, p. 89).”
Meyronin, B. A. D. T. (2003) · Revue d’Économie Régionale & Urbaine · doi:10.3917/reru.031.0153 · Cited by 6
Keneley, M. J. (2008) · Accounting History · doi:10.1177/1032373208091530 · Cited by 6
“In this respect the emphasis is placed on the transaction as the focus of analysis (Chandler, 1992, p.85).”
BackgroundBusiness history as institutional history
Langlois, R. N. (2025) · Business History · doi:10.1080/00076791.2025.2534503 · Cited by 5
“By 1992, Chandler (1992) would explicitly reject the Williamson version of transaction-cost economics in favor of the capabilities theory of the firm.”
Globalization, Regionalization, and Technological Change
Guy, F. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118739044.ch28 · Cited by 6
Schumpeterian Entrepreneurship And Multinational Enterprises: Implications For Social Economics
Scaperlanda, A. E. (1994) · Review of Social Economy · doi:10.1080/758523328 · Cited by 6
SME performance: the role of networking, innovation breadth, and business model design
Gronum, S. (2015) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2015.929 · Cited by 6
Co-creation of integrated service solutions in business networks
Hakanen, T. (2014) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 6
The Impact of Shortages on Manufacturers' New Order Dynamics
Shin, J., Miller, J. W., & Whipple, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Business Logistics · doi:10.1111/jbl.70013 · Cited by 5
The Evolution of a Socially Committed Business Group in C olombia, 1911–85
Dávila, C., & Dávila, J. C. (2014) · Asia‐Pacific Economic History Review · doi:10.1111/aehr.12043 · Cited by 5
Tchotourian, I. (2011) · Critical studies on corporate responsibility, governance and sustainability · doi:10.1108/s2043-9059(2011)0000002010 · Cited by 5
Mahaini, M. G., Noordin, K., & Mohamad, M. T. (2019) · UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies · doi:10.11113/umran2019.6n3.357 · Cited by 5
PROCESSO DE INOVAÇÃO: UM ESTUDO NO SETOR MOVELEIRO DE CAMPINA GRANDE - PB
Silva, M. E., Sousa, I. G., & de Freitas, L. S. (2012) · RAI revista de administração e inovação · doi:10.5773/rai.v1i1.584 · Cited by 5
Fevolden, A. M., & Grønning, T. (2010) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2010.530840 · Cited by 5
“Chandler (1990: 76), on the other hand, found that some companies improved their capacity utilization by limiting their own growth and leaving some market segments unserved for times of recession. Chandler (1990) also highlights product diversification as another way of dealing with fluctuating demand.”
BackgroundInfluentialMorroni, M. (2011) · Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review · doi:10.14441/eier.8.159 · Cited by 5
The role of firm and territory in innovative activities in Brazilian post-opening economy
Gonçalves, E., Lemos, M. B., & Negri, J. A. D. (2011) · Americanae (AECID Library) · doi:10.1590/s1413-80502011000100006 · Cited by 5
“This statement adds weight to building capabilities and competences within firms, giving high priority to theories by Chandler (1992), Penrose (1959) and Nelson & Plosser (1982).”
BackgroundO empresário na teoria econômica
de Paula, J. A., Cerqueira, H. E. A. D. G., & Albuquerque, E. D. M. E. (2004) · Brazilian Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1590/0101-35172004-1605 · Cited by 5
Cluster Dynamics in Malaysian Electronics
Best, M. H. (2001) · doi:10.1093/0198297459.003.0006 · Cited by 5
Un paso al frente: el sector metalmecánico asturiano ante la reconversión industrial, 1978-2000
Antuña, G. (2021) · Investigaciones de Historia Económica · doi:10.33231/j.ihe.2021.02.002 · Cited by 5
The role of projects in shaping businesses capabilities and structure since the 1960s
Nygaard, P., Erlien, T. H., & Malonæs, T. P. (2023) · Business History · doi:10.1080/00076791.2023.2204230 · Cited by 5
“…of economies of scale and scope (Chandler, 1990). organisational capabilities reflect a company’s ability to learn from the broad spectrum of ‘knowledge-ac-quiring processes involved in commercializing new products’, mirrored in physical facilities as well as human skills (Chandler, 1992).”
Hajar, I. (2012) · Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen · Cited by 5
Financial Institutions and Markets
Rogers, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_11 · Cited by 5
A decisão de inovar e o movimento das capacidades dinâmicas
Tometich, P., Fracasso, E. M., Zen, A. C., et al. (2019) · Gestão & Produção · doi:10.1590/0104-530x-3627-19 · Cited by 5
Capabilities for service innovation: Bibliometric analysis and directions for future research
Crispim, R. T., Netto, C. D. O., Camboim, G. F., et al. (2022) · RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie · doi:10.1590/1678-6971/eramd220030.en · Cited by 5
Animal Disease and the Industrialization of Agriculture
Hennessy, D. A., & Wang, T. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7077-0_5 · Cited by 5
“Control is important because automation requires consistency (Chandler 1992).”
BackgroundLes firmes multinationales face au risque climatique : sauver le capital en sauvant la terre ?
Lefèvre, M. (2004) · VertigO · doi:10.4000/vertigo.3549 · Cited by 5
Essoua, B. E. (2006) · Comptabilité - Contrôle - Audit · doi:10.3917/cca.123.0139 · Cited by 5
Developing competencies and capabilities through knowledge management: a contingent perspective
Lucarelli, C. M., & Peters, L. S. (2002) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.1109/picmet.2001.952025 · Cited by 5
Lombardi, M. (2003) · Economics of science, technology and innovation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0393-4_6 · Cited by 5
“Cyert (1988; p. 87-88) analyses it as an "adaptive mechanism", and Loasby (1976) sees it as a "learning system", while Chandler (1992) emphasises the concept of "hierarchies of organisational routines" as basic components of finns.”
BackgroundSmith, S. K. (1996) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.1080/00213624.1996.11505837 · Cited by 5
Box, M. (2005) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 5
Changements organisationnels et performances économiques: théories, mesures et tests
Greenan, N. (2001) · HAL · Cited by 5
Capacidades organizacionais para a inovação frugal
da Silva, I. M. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.12.2018.tde-12062018-125318 · Cited by 6
A Routine-Based Theory of Routine Replication
Grandinetti, R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14148254 · Cited by 5
Ritson, P. A., & Parker, L. D. (2016) · Journal of Management History · doi:10.1108/jmh-02-2016-0011 · Cited by 4
Wu, M. (2024) · Business History · doi:10.1080/00076791.2024.2409436 · Cited by 4
“Second, by applying the theory and concept of the firm (Aoki, 2010; Chandler, 1992; Hart, 2002; Holmstrom & Milgrom, 1994; Meckling & Jensen, 1976; Meyer et al. 1992), it shows how traditional Chinese business enterprises were organised and managed.”
Abdallah, L. B., & Mamlouk, Z. B. A. (2007) · La Revue des sciences de gestion/La Revue des sciences de gestion, Direction et gestion · doi:10.1051/larsg:2007042 · Cited by 4
Lehrer, R., & Schumacher, G. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191649 · Cited by 4
Crises and capabilities in project-based organizations: conceptual model and empirical evidence
Iftikhar, R. (2023) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/ijmpb-05-2022-0123 · Cited by 4
Voinea, C. L., & Emaus, M. (2017) · International Business Research · doi:10.5539/ibr.v11n1p1 · Cited by 4
“Lastly, one of the most directly influencing nonmarket actions is participating in testimonies before hearings of government bodies (Hilman, 2003; Clougherty, 2003). As opposed to many other authors who combined market and nonmarket strategies in their studies, Clougerty (2003) was able to report an isolated effect of…”
InfluentialA Strategic Approach to Mitigating Operational Failure Across Transitions
Razak, D. S. A., Mills, G., & Roberts, A. (2020) · Project Management Journal · doi:10.1177/8756972820928703 · Cited by 4
“Organizational capabilities—ranging from routines, knowledge, skills, and experiences (Chandler, 1992; Davies & Brady, 2016)—must be employed to make cost savings.”
Delegation in Oligopoly: Managerial Schemes and Loan Commitments
Coscollá, M. P., & Granero, L. M. (2003) · Journal of Economics · doi:10.1007/s00712-002-0570-9 · Cited by 4
“This organizational form was dominant during most of the nineteenth century but, according to Tirole (1988, pp. 47–48) and Chandler (1992), it collapsed with the horizontal expansion of firms.”
BackgroundCaroli, E. (2000) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4
What is Corporation? ---The Corporate Personality Controversy and Comparative Corporate GovernancePreprint
Iwai, K. (2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 3
Building Capability Systems in New Businesses: The Role of Capability ArchitecturePreprint
Bakhru, A., & Grant, R. M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2576531 · Cited by 4
The Internet age and the role of telecommunication operators: the case of France Telecom
Amintas, A., & de Swarte, T. (2000) · International Journal of Technology Management · doi:10.1504/ijtm.2000.002852 · Cited by 4
Kontkiewicz-Chachulska, H., & Phan∥, D. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044482648-0/50020-2 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Chandler, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chandler, Alfred D
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 1992-08-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 79-100
- ISSN
- 0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2031847699
- Cited by
- 847
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 33.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Theory and Institutions
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Historical Economic and Social Studies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Firm Innovation and Growth
- Keywords
- industrial firm, organizational capabilities, history of the firm, transaction cost economics, evolutionary theory of the firm, agency theory, neoclassical theory of the firm, World War I, World War II
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