Assessment of collaborative problem solving skills in Undergraduate Medical Students at Ziauddin College of Medicine, Karachi
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Collaborative Problem Solving Empirical Progressions from the Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills (ATC21S) framework were used to determine the level of collaborative problem solving skills (CPS) in first, second and third year MBBS students at Ziauddin College of Medicine during Problem-Based Learning (PBL) sessions. Variations based on gender and roles were studied.Methods: It is an analytical comparative cross-sectional study in which seven PBL groups were selected per year by non-probability convenient sampling. Data was collected using the Collaborative Problem Solving Five Strands Empirical Progressions by the primary investigator through observation of the students during PBL sessions. Duration of study was six months.Results: We found that in our students, development of social dimension skills is facilitated to a greater extent than the development of cognitive dimension skills through the process of PBL. These skills are generally better developed in the leader compared to the scribe and members in a group. They are also more developed in females compared to males. Modification in them is also observed as the year
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Students perceived PBL positively for teamwork, communication skills and interpersonal relations.
“Students perceived PBL positively for teamwork, communication skills and interpersonal relations [44, 45, 67, 75, 82].”
From Effectiveness of problem-based learning methodology in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
All studies have shown that PBL is more effective than lecture-based learning in self-learning skills.
“All studies have shown that PBL is more effective than lecture-based learning in problem-solving and self-learning skills [18, 24, 40, 48, 67, 75, 93, 104, 124].”
From Effectiveness of problem-based learning methodology in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
All studies have shown that PBL is more effective than lecture-based learning in problem-solving skills.
“All studies have shown that PBL is more effective than lecture-based learning in problem-solving and self-learning skills [18, 24, 40, 48, 67, 75, 93, 104, 124].”
From Effectiveness of problem-based learning methodology in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. E. (2006) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1 · Cited by 6,887 · see citing works
HMELO-SILVER, C. E., DUNCAN, R. G., & CHINN, C. A. (2007) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520701263368 · Cited by 2,641 · see citing works
Defining Twenty-First Century Skills
Binkley, M., Erstad, O., Herman, J., Raizen, S., Ripley, M., Miller-Ricci, M., & Rumble, M. (2012) · Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2324-5_2 · Cited by 1,809 · see citing works
Voogt, J., & Roblin, N. P. (2012) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2012.668938 · Cited by 1,561 · see citing works
The process of problem‐based learning: what works and why
Schmidt, H. G., Rotgans, J. I., & Yew, E. H. (2011) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04035.x · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Understanding medical education evidence, theory and practice
Swanwick, T., & Association for the Study of Medical Education (2010) · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Häkkinen, P., Järvelä, S., Mäkitalo‐Siegl, K., Ahonen, A. K., Näykki, P., & Valtonen, T. (2016) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2016.1203772 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Dolmans, D. H. J. M., Michaelsen, L. K., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & van der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2014) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2014.948828 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Tayyeb, R. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 100 · see citing works
How Do Students Value the Importance of Twenty-first Century Skills?
Ahonen, A. K., & Kinnunen, P. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2014.904423 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Physician Competencies for a 21st Century Health Care System
Combes, J. R., & Arespacochaga, E. (2012) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-04-03-33 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Pourshanazari, A., Roohbakhsh, A., Khazaei, M., & Tajadini, H. (2012) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-012-9357-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Problem Based Learning in Medical Education
Mansur, D. İ., Kayastha, S., Makaju, R. K., & Dongol, M. (2014) · Kathmandu University Medical Journal · doi:10.3126/kumj.v10i4.11002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
AlHaqwi, A. I. (2014) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.12816/0006078 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nor, Z. M. Z. M. N., Yusoff, S. B., & Rahim, F. A. A. (2017) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.01.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Huda, N. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [6]Oliveri ME Lawless R Molloy H A Literature Review on Collaborative Problem Solving for College and Workforce Readiness ETS Res Rep Ser [Internet] 2017 Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ets2.12133/full · DOI
- [8]Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills - Methods and |Patrick Griffin |Springer [Internet] Cited 2017 Jun 29 Available from: http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789401793940
- [15]Toward a Common Taxonomy of Competency Domains for the...: Academic Medicine [Internet] LWW Cited 2017 Jun 29 Available from: http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2013/08000/Toward_a_Common_Taxonomy_of_Competency_Domains_for.21.aspx
- [20]A First Step Toward Understanding Best Practices in Leadersh...: Academic Medicine [Internet] LWW Cited 2017 Jun 15 Available from: http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2014/11000/A_First_Step_Toward_Understanding_Best_Practices.39.aspx
- [25]Collaboration, intragroup conflict, and social skills in project-based learning [Internet] Research Gate cited 2017 Jun 15 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276883761_Collaboration_intragroup_conflict_and_social_skills_in_project-based_learning
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Trullàs, J. C., Blay, C., Sarri, E., & Pujol, R. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03154-8 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Olesen, K. B., Christensen, M. K., & O’Neill, L. D. (2020) · Higher Education Skills and Work-based Learning · doi:10.1108/heswbl-01-2020-0012 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Yun, H., Kim, S., & Han, E. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292843 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Abugri, B. A., Assibi, M. A., Amalba, A., Gaa, P. K., Kpebu, S. E. A., Karikari, P., & Mogre, V. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342599 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Soft skills in customer service: Sales area in automobile dealers
Vielma, R. D. E., Segovia-Romo, A., & Pérez, L. (2022) · Contaduría y Administración · doi:10.22201/fca.24488410e.2022.3172 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Problem Based Learning (PBL) - Problem Solving Skills (PSS): Systematic Literature Review
Hudha, M. N., Etikamurni, D. P., Rasuli, I. P. A., Safitri, N. S., Perwita, C. A., & Ayu, H. D. (2023) · IJIS Edu Indonesian Journal of Integrated Science Education · doi:10.29300/ijisedu.v5i2.10603 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Escape Rooms and Collaborative Problem-Solving: Examining the Competence of Teacher Candidates
Manojlović, H. (2023) · Opus et Educatio · doi:10.3311/ope.573 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Problem-based learning in medical degree teaching: a scoping reviewPreprint
Trullàs, J. C., Blay, C., Sarri, E., & Pujol, R. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-514038/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Boye, E. S., & Agyei, D. D. (2024) · European Journal of Mathematics and Science Education · doi:10.12973/ejmse.5.1.51 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lembryk, І. S., & Piletskа, L. (2021) · Psychology of Personality · doi:10.15330/ps.11.1.67-76 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Manojlović, H., & Bükki, E. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85652-5_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abugri, B. A., Assibi, M. A., Amalba, A., Gaa, P. K., Kpebu, S. E. A., & Mogre, V. (2025) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.21103.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abugri, B. A., Assibi, M. A., Amalba, A., Gaa, P. K., Kpebu, S. E. A., & Mogre, V. (2025) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.21103.2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, W., Ding, Z., Feng, S., Xu, W., Qi, H., Zhu, Q., Xiao, B., Zhu, S., Sun, M., & Yuan, F. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-08652-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Las habilidades blandas y el servicio al cliente en tiempos del Covid-19
Vielma, R. D. E., Segovia-Romo, A., & Gómez, J. M. (2021) · Vinculatégica EFAN · doi:10.29105/vtga7.1-147
Abugri, B. A., Assibi, M. A., Amalba, A., Gaa, P. K., Kpebu, S. E. A., & Mogre, V. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6736132/v1
Trullàs, J. C., Blay, C., Sarri, E., & Pujol, R. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19194104
Abugri, B. A., Gaa, P. K., Kpebu, S. E. A., Amalba, A., & Mogre, V. (2026) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2026.2711900
Ain, Q. U., Haider, I., & Ali, F. (2026) · Journal of Regional Studies Review · doi:10.62843/jrsr/2026.v.ii.203
Pritchard, D. J., & Phillips, D. (2026) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.70217
- Authors
- Mughal, A. M., & Shaikh, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Ziauddin University (PK)
- College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Mughal, Arsalan Manzoor
- Venue
- Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
- Published
- 2018-02-21
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 185-189
- ISSN
- 1681-715X (ISSN-L)
- 1682-024X
- PMC
- PMC5857009
- OpenAlex
- W2793188830
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Problem and Project Based Learning
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Problem Solving Skills Development
- Keywords
- collaborative problem solving, problem-based learning, undergraduate medical students, 21st century skills, social skills development, cognitive skills development, gender differences, group roles, medical curriculum, mentoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
